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5 Basic types of species interactions 1XXXXXXXXXX ? 2 Competition is important...just not as important as predation Competition ...common use of a limited resource limited What can be limiting....? food habitat food FUNDAMENTAL REALIZED A B habitat 2 dimension, but there are more.... Between and within species?? Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition Individual Responses •Behavior – feeding rate •Physiology – growth rate Population Abundance How do we see it or measure it? •Morphological – body size Population responses •Abundance •Distribution Time 3 types of competition?? Interference competition Exploitation competition Apparent competition Interference competition - occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat. A (-) (-) B Exploitation competition - occurs indirectly through a common, limiting resource, which acts as an intermediate. Ex. depletes the amount of food or fill up all the available space. A (-) (-) - + + R B - Apparent competition - occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator. B A - P + A + - - P B + http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6431936272692514162 Competition's role in ecology and evolution "species packing" Population Abundance Population Abundance Resource partitioning Resource Gradient Resource Gradient Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi Cichlids exhibit remarkable evolutionary convergence. Similar ecomorphs have evolved repeatedly within different cichlid assemblages. All of the cichlids in the left-hand column are from Lake Tanganyika. All of the cichlids in the right-hand column are from Lake Malawi, and are more closely related to one another than to any species within Lake Tanganyika. Note the similarities among color patterns and trophic morphologies. Utilize resources along a gradient (See Wooton) – Food particle size – Temperature – Habitat 100 90 80 Fish Abundance 70 60 Sculpin 50 Dace 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Station (1=downstream) 10 11 12 Examples: Classic Werner and Hall Experiments Bluegill Green Sunfish Pumpkinseed Examples: Ciscoes adaptive radiation (Lindsey 1981) Modeling Competition Lotka-volterra model Competition coefficients The equations What the hell is an isocline, anyway? – 4 graphs. See Molles Population Abundance • • • • Time Exotics species that affect the ecology of native Wisconsin Fishes Pelagic planktivores - Alewife, Rainbow smelt, white perch Benthic insectivores – round goby, common carp Pelagic piscivores – Pacific salmon, brown trout Pelagic/benthic parasite – Sea lamprey Stream insectivores – brown trout, rainbow trout Pelagic filter-feeders – silver carp, bighead carp Exotics fish utilize different habitats And a variety of food sources How do they get here? People Ships ballast water Canals Aquaculture Ballast water Alewife white perch Round goby Canals Sea lamprey Rainbow smelt Aquaculture Silver carp Bighead carp Intentional Stocking Pacific Salmon Brown trout Rainbow trout Common carp Rainbow smelt Species Earliest Record Unintentional or Intentional Transport or Release Mechanism(s) Alewife <1953 Unintentional Canals American eel 1970 Unintentional Canals Atlantic salmon 1972 Intentional Stocked Brown trout 1883 Intentional Stocked Brook silverside 2002 Unintentional Unknown Chinook salmon 1967 Intentional Stocked Coho salmon 1966 Intentional Stocked Common carp 1897 Intentional Stocked Eurasian ruffe 1986 Unintentional Ballast Water European flounder 1981 Unintentional Ballast Water Fourspine stickleback 1986 Unintentional Ballast Water or Live Bait Freshwater drum ? Intentional Stocked (assumed) Gizzard shad ? Unintentional Live Bait or Aquaria Goldfish 1975 Intentional Stocked (assumed) Kokanee salmon ? Intentional Stocked (assumed) Pink salmon 1956 Intentional (unplanned) Stocked Rainbow smelt 1930 Unintentional Canals Rainbow trout 1895 Intentional Stocked Round Goby 1995 Unintentional Ballast Water Sea lamprey 1938 Unintentional Canals Splake ? Intentional Stocked Threespine stickleback 1987 Unintentional Ballast Water Tubenose goby 2000 Unintentional Ballast Water White Perch 1986 Unintentional Ballast Water LAKE SUPERIOR 3 aspects that make them so successful...? High fecundity – lots of eggs / individual Excellent competitors – better at gaining resources then native species Exploit a less well used resource Detrimental to sport fisheries... round gobies to smallmouth bass nests http://people.cornell.edu/pages/gbs27/gbssmb.html Detrimental to ....life as we know it on all lakes and rivers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ChwJiKKBdA