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BIOLOGY Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000) bald eagles ( ´7) opossum shrimp (per m2) bald eagle 150 Number 100 50 grizzly bear 0 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 Year Introduction of Opossum Shirmp 1989 Sylvia S. Mader Conservation of Biodiversity zooplankton kokanee salmon opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1 Outline Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Extinction Rates Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques 2 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Considers all aspects of biodiversity General goal is conserving natural resources for this and future generations Primary goal is the management of biodiversity for sustainable use by humans 3 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Conservation biology supports certain ethical principles Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere Extinctions due to human actions are undesirable Ecosystem interactions supporting biodiversity are desirable Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary change has value in and of itself 4 Biodiversity At its simplest level, biodiversity is the variety of species on Earth Estimated that between 5 and 15 million species currently exist Genetic diversity refers to variations among the members of a population Community diversity increases biodiversity Landscape diversity involves a group of interacting ecosystems 5 Number of Described Species Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. plants 240,000 fungi 63,665 insects 900,000 animals 280,000 bacteria and archaea 5,000 protists 55,000 6 Biodiversity Biodiversity hotspots Contain about 20% of earth’s species Represent only about 1% of earth’s land area 7 Eagles and Bears Feed on Spawning Salmon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000) bald eagles ( ´7) opossum shrimp bald eagle 150 Number 100 50 grizzly bear 0 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 Year Introduction of Opossum Shirmp zooplankton kokanee salmon opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) 8 Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Medicinal Value Agricultural Value Crops Biological Pest Controls Pollinators Consumptive Use Value Wood Skins 9 Direct Value of Wildlife Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines. Wild species, like many marine species, provide us with food. Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, are pollinators of agricultural and other plants. Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed. Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, play a role in medical research. Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a role in biological control of agricultural pests. (Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc. 10 Value of Biodiversity Indirect Value Biogeochemical Cycles Waste Disposal Provision of Fresh Water Prevention of Soil Erosion Regulation of Climate Ecotourism 11 Indirect Value of Ecosystems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Rate of Photosynthesis 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1 2 a. 4 8 Number of Plant Species 16 c. a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo 12 Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Occurs in all ecosystems Recent concern focused on tropical rain forests and coral reefs Habitat Fragmentation 13 Habitat Loss Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Roads cut through forest Habitat Loss Exotic Species Pollution Overexploitation Forest occurs in patches Disease 0 20 40 60 80 100 a. Threats to % Species wildlife Affected by Threat b. Macaws on salt lick Destroyed areas c. Wildlife habitat is reduced. 14 Alien Species Nonnative species that move, or are moved, into a new ecosystem Often have competitive edge against native species Avenues of Human Introduction Colonization Horticulture and Agriculture Accidental Transport 15 Alien Species Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. b. 16 Pollution Any environmental change that adversely affects living things Acid Deposition Eutrophication Ozone Depletion Organic Chemicals Global Warming 17 Global Warming Mean Global Temperature Change (°C) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5.5 5.0 maximum likely increase 4.5 4.0 most probable temperature for a twofold increase in CO2 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 minimum likely increase 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.5 1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100 Year a. b. b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission 18 Overexploitation When the harvest is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers The market forces driving the harvest: Exotic Pets Hunting / Poaching Over-Harvesting Fisheries 19 Trawling Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Fishing by use of a drag net b. Result of drag net fishing a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut 20 Conservation Techniques Habitat Preservation Keystone Species Metapopulations Small populations isolated because of habitat fragmentation Source Populations Sink Populations 21 Habitat Preservation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis b. Old-growth forest; northern spotted owl, Strix occidentalis caurina (inset) a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc. 22 Conservation Techniques Landscape Preservation Landscape protection for one species benefits other wildlife in the same space Edge Effect The edge around a patch of habitat has conditions different from the patch interior Edge does not count as effective habitat for species requiring the conditions of the interior 23 Edge Effect Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 30.55% increasing percentage of patch influenced by edge effects 43.75% 64% habitat patch a. brown-headed cowbird chick 88.8% yellow warbler chick area subject to edge effect b. b: © Jeff Foott Productions 24 Conservation Techniques Computer Analyses Gap Analysis Find gaps in preservation efforts Try to identify areas where biodiversity is high outside of currently preserved areas Population Viability Analysis Determine how much habitat a species requires to maintain itself 25 Conservation Techniques Habitat Restoration - Three Principles Begin as soon as possible before remaining fragments are lost Once natural history is understood, use biological techniques to mimic natural processes Goal is sustainable usage 26 Restoration of the Everglades Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tampa ATLANTIC OCEAN Original watershed boundary A 75 Lake Okeechobee 95 West Palm Beach B C Historic Everglades Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi C Fort Lauderdale Naples 75 Miami Ten Thousand Islands Everglades National Park T aylor Slough Gulf of Mexico D American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis Florida Bay 0 15 30 miles a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple) White ibis, Eudocimus albus Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja Wood stork, Mycteria americana b. Wildlife in Everglades (Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited; (Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc 27 Review Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Extinction Rates Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques 28 BIOLOGY Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000) bald eagles ( ´7) opossum shrimp (per m2) bald eagle 150 Number 100 50 grizzly bear 0 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 Year Introduction of Opossum Shirmp 1989 Sylvia S. Mader Conservation of Biodiversity zooplankton kokanee salmon opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 29