Download ppt檔案

Global Biodiversity patterns
and processes
(全球生物多樣性的類型與過程)
鄭先祐(Ayo)
國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 院長
[email protected]
Contents

What is biodiversity and why is it important?











Component of biodiversity
How many species are there?
Diversity of higher taxa
Diversity of biological communities
Ecosystem and biome diversity, and the world’s
ecoregions
Species richness over geological time
Patterns of endemism
Latitudinal gradients in species richness
Species richness-Energy relationships
Disturbance and species richness
The future of biodiversity studies
2
Essay 2.1 Hierachical indicators for
monitoring changes in biodiversity
Table A. Hierarchical indicators for
monitoring biodiversity




Genetic (基因)
Population-species
(族群)
Community-ecosystem
(群落-生態體系)
Landscape (地景)



Composition (組成)
Structure (構造)
Function (功能)
Fig A. compositional, structural,
and functional attributes of
biodiversity at four levels of
organization.
3
4
Components of Biodiversity


Genetic diversity (基因多樣性)
Population-level diversity (族群的多樣性)


Human cultural diversity (人類文化的多樣性)


Plasticity (可塑性)
6,526 distinct spoken languages, with the greatest
diversity concentrated in tropical regions. (Fig. 2.1)
Diversity of species (物種的多樣性)
5
Fig. 2.1 Linguistic diversity across the world.
6
7
How many species

現生物種約有175種，以及30萬種化石物種




Table 2.1 Number of living species in major phyla.
植物類約有29萬種(50-55%) ，估計有53萬種。
真菌類約有8萬種(5%)，估計有150萬種。
動物類約有130萬種(<11%)，估計至少有1,154
種。(Table 2.1)
8
Table 2.1
Number of
Living species
in Major phyla
9
Diversity of higher taxa



Five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and
Monera (prokaryotes)
Monera: Archaea and bacteria (Fig. 2.2)
10
Fig. 2.2 (A) domains of biodiversity
11
Fig. 2.2 (B) Major groups of plants.
12
13
Biome diversity, eco-regions Diversity




Fig. 2.8 species richness (A) and endemism (B) of
mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles is
greatest in tropical moist forests, and lowest in
deserts.
α-richness refers to the number of species found
in a small, homogeneous area.
β-richness refer to the rate of change in species
composition across habitats or among
communities.
γ-richness refers to changes across larger
landscape gradients.
14
Fig. 2.3 Large marine ecosystems of the world and
their associated major water sheds.
15
Fig. 2.4 Biomes and climate.
16
地質年代

Species richness over geological time



Fig 2.5 Diversity of marine families from Cambrian
to the present,
Fig. 2.6 Terrestrial plant species richness.
Fig. 2.7 Extinctions of families through geological
time.
17
Table 2.2 Earth’s geological history
18
Table 2.2 Earth’s Geological history
19
Diversity of marine families,
with five major mass extinction
events
20
21
22
TMF:熱帶亞
熱帶潮濕闊
葉林
TDF: 熱帶亞
熱帶闊葉林
TG: 熱帶亞
熱帶草原
Fig. 2.8 specie’s richness (A)
23
(B) endemism
24
Box 2.1 The importance of β-diversity

RWRI (rarity-weighted richness index)
N

RWRI = Σ 1/hi
i=1


hi is the number of grid cells occupied by species I
N is the number of species found in that particular cell.
25
26
The indo-west Pacific is a marine diversity hotspot.
27
28
29
鳥類
哺乳類
30
31
Disturbance and species richness
32
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
33
The importance of biodiversity

Table 2.4 Examples of ecosystem services

Supporting services (支持的服務)

Provisioning services (生活的服務)

Regulating services (調節的服務)

Cultural services (文化的服務)
34
35
Fig. 2.20 Ecosystem function can be influenced by the functional
diversity among species in a community via several mechanisms.
36
Fig. 2.20 Ecosystem function can be influenced by the functional
diversity among species in a community via several mechanisms.
37
The future of biodiversity studies



The incomplete state of our knowledge of the
identities, taxonomic relationships, and
distributions of the vast majority of the world’s
organisms means that the primary work of
cataloging biodiversity is yet to be done.
Today relatively few scientists are being
trained as taxonomists.
Therefore, increasing the cadre of competent
taxonomists, particularly in tropical nations, is
an important goal.
38
E. O. Wilson(1992)’s strategy



A rapid assessment program (RAP) that would
investigate within a few years.
The next stage would be to establish research
station in areas believed to major hotspots of
diversity.
The third stage, with a time frame of 50 years, would
combine the inventories from RAP and the intensive
studies at a small number of research stations with
monographic studies of many groups of organisms
to provide a more complete picture of global
biodiversity and its distribution.
39
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)
千禧 生態體系 評估


A large coalition of international development and
conservation organizations, governments, and
scientists has come together to assess the status of
Earth’s ecosystems, the goods and services they
provide, and the likely effects of potential pathways
of human economic development on the future
provisioning of these services and human well-being
(Fig. 2.22)
The MA focuses both globally, and on subglobal
regions of particular concern due to the difficulty of
human existence or potential for serious declines in
human welfare in these regions.
40
Millennium Ecosystem assessment
千禧 生態體系 評估 (MA)



(Fig. 2.22)
Biodiversity (生物多樣性) → Ecosystem
services → human well-being
Human well-being (人類的幸福)




Security (安全)
Basic material for a good life (好生活的基本物質)
Health (健康)
Good social relations (好的社會關係)
41
Fig. 2.22
Guiding
framework for
the Millennium
Ecosystem
Assessment.
42
43
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)
44
Questions for discussion



1
The history of life has been punctuated by
five episodes during which extinction rates
were very high.
If extinction is a normal process, and if life
has rediversified after each mass extinction,
why should we be worried about the
prospects of high extinction rates during this
century?
How does the current extinction spasm differ
from previous ones?
45
Questions for discussion




2
Given that millions of species are yet to be
described and named, how should the limited
human and financial resources available for
taxonomic research be allocated?
Should efforts be directed to ward areas threatened
with habitat destruction so that species can be
collected before they are eliminated?
Should major efforts be directed to obtain complete
“all taxa” surveys of selected areas?
How and by whom should these decisions be made?
46
問題與討論
http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
47