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Honors Biology
Module 3
Kingdom Protista Part 2
September 26, 2013
Class Challenge
Butterflies
Any questions about Homework
Quiz 5
Label the Euglena
Label the Paramecium
Matching
1. Symbiosis ________
3. Commensalism _____
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. Mutualism_______
4. Parasitism_______
A relationship between two organisms of different
species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
A relationship between two or more organisms of
different species where all benefit from the association.
A close relationship between two or more species
where at least one benefits.
A relationship between two organisms of different
species where one benefits and the other is neither
harmed or benefited.
Matching
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
B
D
A
http://youtu.be/UOfY26qdbU0
Phylum Ciliophora
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Chromalveolata
Superphylum: Alveolata
Phylum: Ciliophora
Contains protozoa that use cilia to move.
These organisms are called ciliates
Phylum Sporozoa
Contains protozoa that have no real means
of locomotion. There are more than 3000
species in this phylum and they are all
parasitic.
The main characteristic of the sporozoa, is
that they form spores at some point in their
life.
Spore: A reproductive cell with a hard,
protective coating.
Like a cyst, a spore can survive for quite a
while, even in unfavorable conditions.
Sporozoa typically form from their spores as
a result of a unique form of asexual
reproduction.
Figure 3.9
In this form of reproduction, the nucleus divides
while still inside the cell.
This may happen several times, resulting in
several different nuclei in one cell.
Cytoplasm concentrates around each nucleus, and
hard shells form around the cytoplasm.
This makes several spores.
Plasmodium
Creates very deadly sporozoa. These
parasites cause malaria.
It is spread by mosquitoes,
Figure 3.10
Plasmodium
Must form spores while they are in the
mosquito, because the salivary glands do
not provide a habitat that is suitable for
their survival.
Once inside the infected human, conditions
are ideal for the Plasmodium, so
reproduction does not require the
formation of spores.
When a female mosquito bites an infected human and
becomes infected herself, the Plasmodium must once
again form spores in order to survive until they can be
injected into another human.
This is why Plasmodium sometimes engage in reproduction
that forms spores and sometimes engage in
reproduction that does not.
Alternative Generations : different generations alternate
between spore formation and other modes of
reproduction.
Marty’s videos
Toxoplasma Gondii
These organisms live in the intestines of
mammals (such as cats) and reproduce
there sexually. Although they do no harm
to cats themselves, but their feces will
spread their spores.
How do they spread?
When they infect a human, they reproduce
asexually, causing disease toxoplamosis.
This disease causes severe birth defects in
pregnant woman, which is why doctors tell
pregnant women that they should never
empty litter boxes or otherwise clean up
after cats.
Marty’s video: Toxoplamosis
Subkingdom Algae
The glass of the water. Algae can produce
their own food.
How do they do that?
Photosynthesis
Think about your fish tank or swimming pool.
Have you seen “green stuff” growing in it.
That is algae.
If you are in salt water or fresh water there
lots of algae growing. The “fishy smell” or
the “slimy water” is not from the fish in the
water, but the algae floating in it.
In any natural body of water, there are tiny
floating organisms called plankton that
float in the water.
They can be separated into two groups:
1. Zooplankton – tiny floating organisms
that are either small animals or protozoa.
2. Phytoplankton- tiny floating
photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Phytoplankton are …..
Photosynthetic organisms that use the energy of the sun
to make their own food.
Oxygen is often the byproduct of photosynthesis. This
process replenishes the oxygen that we need to
survive.
The earth will not run out of oxygen, because
photosynthetic organisms are constantly making more.
Green plants
Most people think green plants are responsible for
making the most oxygen, however it is mostly
done my phytoplankton.
¾ of all of the oxygen on earth is replenished by
phytoplankton.
What does you book say if all of the trees and
grass on earth were destroyed?
Would we have enough oxygen
to survive?
Algae’s Importance
1. Oxygen production
2. Major food source for many aquatic
organisms.
3. Name other uses for algae…
Algae
Most algae exist as individual cells, but most form
simple colonies that are held together with slime.
Thallus (thalli): The body of a plant-like organisms
that is not divided into leaves, roots or stems.
These colonies often function like a big plant.
Algae Reproduction
Uses both sexual and asexual reproduction.
That is why they are so abundant in aquatic
environments. When conditions are right,
algae will reproduce so rapidly that they
essentially take over their habitat, making
the water appear the same color as the
algae themselves. This is called an algae
Bloom.
Chlorophyta
Mostly found in fresh water, but marine
species do exist.
They contain chlorophyll, which is green and
are referred as green algae.
Remember the Euglena that had chlorophyll
in organelles called chloroplasts.
Chlorophyta have yellowish pigments
called carotenoids making them yellowish
green.
Chlorophyta
Have cell walls made of cellulose. Cellulose is a
substance (made of sugars) that is common in
cell walls of many organisms.
The cells that make up plants usually have walls
made of cellulose. Since green algae have cell
walls similar to plants and chlorophyll like most
plants, some scientists actually consider them
plants and place them into the kingdom Plantae.
Most biological classification schemes tend to
place them in kingdom Protista because they are
microscopic and tend to exist as individual cells
or in simple colonies.
Chrysophyta
This phylum contains more than 1000 different
species which are collectively referred to as
diatoms.
These are unique because their cell walls are
made up of silicon dioxide, which is the principal
component of glass. This makes their cell walls
very hard and will remain after the cell dies.
Diatomaceous earth or diatomite
Diatoms
How to they benefit people?
•
•
•
•
Pest Control
Abrasives
Filtration
Indicator Species:
Diatoms flourish in water all over the world. Some species can be
used as an indicator species. Indicator species are used by
scientists to determine if an ecosystem is thriving.
With diatoms, a scientist takes a sample of water and examines it
under a microscope to see how many of a certain species of diatom
are present. If the water has many instances of that species, it
indicates that the ecosystem is healthy, but if there are few
instances, there is something wrong.
Dynobryon
Is an algae that form colonies. These colonies
attach to objects with a holdfast which is
designed to keep the colony in place. These
holdfasts form long strands that attach to a
surface in the water (think rock), acting like an
anchor.
When they are not free floating they are referred to
as a Sessile Colony.
Pyrrophyta
Are single celled creatures that are referred to as
dinoflagellates.
Figure 3.13 (page 88)
1. They have two flagella.
2. Some are heterotrophic,
3. Some are photosynthetic.
4. Most are found in marine waters.
5. Cells are composed of cellulose
6. Important food source for aquatic organisms.
7. Bloom in nutrient rich waters and produce a
reddish-brown color and turns the water red.
Red Tide.`
Phaeophyta
These are multicellular organisms that inhabit cold water.
A single celled-organism can exist on its own. Although cells group
together for mutual protection and other benefits, they can exist on
their own.
In Phaeophyta, individual cells are designed to specialize in individual
tasks. The cells work together for the benefit and survival of the
whole organisms.
If a single cell separates, it would not
live on its own.
Brown Algae, Kelp, rock weed.
Air bladders
Rhodophyta
Also known as red algae. It is many times
confused with dinoflagellates that cause
Red Tide.
They are
multicelluar.
http://youtu.be/-zsdYOgTbOk
http://youtu.be/o5ESHXKGBvA
Experiment 3.2 Subkingdom Protozoa
Experiment 3.3 Subkingdom Algae
Homework
1. Answer OYO question 3.7 – 3.16
2. Answer Study Guide definitions: p-w and
15-20.
3. Finish experiments 3.2 and 3.3 in Lab book.
4. Take Module 3 Test
5. Begin reading Module 4 pages 97-109
6. Class Challenge: Who can do the most Sit-ups
in one minute
7. Quiz: Red Tide/Dinoflagellages vs. Diatom
Label