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NG Biology Standard 4B: Ecology & Ecological Issues Week 1 Ms. Darlak Warm-up 5/21 In our mark-recapture activity what would happen if…. Marked Beans liked being handled so they were jumping in your hand to be captured? Trap happy. Will this cause an Overestimate or an Underestimate population? Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) = 200 Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) = 100 (5) (10) Marked Beans DON’T liked being handled so they were jumping out your hand to be captured? Trap shy. Will this cause an Overestimate or an Underestimate Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) = 200 Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) = 500 population? (5) (2) Agenda 05/21 HW Check: pp. 6-11 Random Sampling Activity Population Graph Practice pp. 7-14 Population Growth p.7 a)What is the rabbit population’s carrying capacity? ________ 67 rabbits b) The population of rabbits between mid-May and midJune is growing as fast as: (circle one) a turtle walking (super slow.) a student running late to class (fast!) you walking to class (slow.) Ms. Darlak running away from a mountain lion (super fast!) c) What about the graph led you to circle the answer you chose in letter b? K Carrying Capacity p.9 As the number of lynx increases, the number of snowshoe DECREASES hares: _____________. What is the scientific explanation for these results? Situation Ms. Darlak has 32 students assigned to her Biology class, but she only has room for 28. Because the room is so crowded, the extra 4 students leave the room to go to Counseling and have their schedules changed. Northern pike (it’s a fish) feed on another fish, the yellow perch. An increase in the yellow perch population causes an increase in the northern pike population. The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has harmed many aquatic organisms that live in the Gulf region. A new strain of influenza (the flu) breaks out in New York City. A population of rabbits and a population of deer are both feeding off the same plants in the same habitat. Hurricane Katrina forced thousands of people to leave New Orleans. 65 million years ago, a large asteroid collided with the Earth. As a result, large amounts of ash were ejected into Earth’s atmosphere. Due to humans putting increasing amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and cutting down trees that would normally take up some of those gases, the Earth slowly gets warmer and changes climates around the globe. Densityindependent, or dependent? densitydependent Dependent Limiting Factor: emigration Predation Human Impact Independent Dependent Disease Dependent Competition Independent Weather Independent Natural Disaster Independent Human Impact Carrying Capacity p.11 growth curve exponential logistic shows unlimited, unchecked growth growth limited by extrinsic or intrinsic factors shape of curve (S or J) J S shows carrying capacity for a population. typical of short term or long term growth Short Long Carrying Capacity p.11 a. a strep bacterium invades your throat and reproduces for 4 hours exponential logistic b. the flea population on a rat is monitored for 5 weeks with flea powder added exponential logistic c. loggerhead turtle populations are tracked for 10 years in the Atlantic exponential logistic d. a lucky yeast cell falls into your glass of grape juice and reproduces for 3 hours exponential logistic e. bull frog population in a local pond is monitored for 5 seasons exponential logistic Population Density p.3 Population density is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space. Dispersion Pattern p.3 Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area. There are three types of dispersion illustrated on the next slides: Uniform Evenly spaced Clumped clustered together, creating patches with many individuals and some patches with no individuals Random individuals are arranged without any apparent pattern Estimating Population Size Random Sampling What if your population doesn’t move? Do you need to use Mark/Recapture? Then, you can estimate population by random sampling. Random Sampling Perform 2xs First with grid on p.17 Second with Clumped grid (hand out) Uniform Population = 228 Clumped = 119 p.15 - 17 Class/Homework Random Sampling Activity p. 15-17 Population Graph Practice pp. 12-13 Warm-up 05/22 Using the random sampling method. Estimate the population of trees found in this 1 km2 area? 9 9 Average # trees/plot = 9+9+9+8+8= 43/5 = 8.6 Estimate = average # multiplied by number of plots 8.6 X 25 = 215 8 9 8 Agenda 05/22 Population Ecology – Graph 1 p.13 In what generation does this population reach its’ carrying capacity? 24-25 generations Population Ecology – Graph 2 p.13 Limiting Factor Removal of Limiting Factor, leads to Overshoot Overshoot = magnifies density dependent limiting factors Overshoot and Dieback Population Ecology – Graph 3 p.13 P. caudatum decreasing P. aurelia outcompetes K is higher when bacteria grown alone. Day 12 – P. auelia reaches K Population Ecology – Graph 4 p.14 1. 2. 3. Moose Population greatest at 2500 in 1995 Wolf population depends on Moose Canine parvovirus What is the Carrying capacity of Deer? Give an example of a density-dependent and density independent factor controlling the deer population. Population Ecology https://darlak4science.wikispaces.com/NG+Standard+4B More Realistic Curve K1 K2 Warm-up 05/18 If a Habitat is the Home and a Niche is the Job, What is the Habitat of the Ants? (Circle) What is the niche of ants? (Underline) Habitat vs Niche Lets see what Reginald the Red Wolf has to say. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L6N2diE8jc What is the niche? set of conditions within which an organism can maintain a viable population multi-dimensional with as many dimensions as their are limiting conditions light intensity ecological niche okay salinity temperature Physical Niche: depends on physical (abiotic) conditions, general niche. Niche without competition. Realized niche depends on biotic as well as abiotic conditions. Niche because of competition. Physical Niche What, when, why……..…. without competition. Balanus alone Balanus fundamental niche growth rate low Chthamalus alone Chthamalus fundamental niche middle high Location in intertidal zone Realized niche is with biotic (competition and predation) and abiotic recourses. Balanus and Chthamalus growth rate Balanus realized niche low Chthamalu s realized niche middle high Location in intertidal zone Agenda 05/18 Intro to Ecology 4B Symbiotic Relationships p. 5 Use your Testbooks! Density Dependent or Independent Limiting Factors? Symbiotic Relationships p.5 “living together” Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Predation Competition Commensalism +/0 relatively unaffected Commensalism means "at table together". One organism consumes the unused food of another. Some examples: The remora and the shark. Some species of barnacles Many of the bacteria living in our large intestine. Epiphytes Mutualism +/+ Both benefit Relationships in which each species benefits. Examples: Pollinators and Flowers Clownfish and Anemone Lichen - fungus & algae Parasitism +/- one gains, other loses One organism gains at the expense of another Examples: Tapeworm Mosquitoes Parasitoid wasps Predation +/- Interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey, the organism that is attacked Competition +/- , -/+ Interaction between two or more organisms, or groups of organisms, that use a common resource in short supply. There can be competition between members of the same species and competition between members of different species Examples: Lions and Hyenas Intraspecific vs Interspecific Intraspecific competition within the same species. Owls competing among themselves for the same food source Interspecific competition between two or more different species. Owls and hawks competing against each other for the same food source Warm-up 05/19 What type of symbiotic relationship do you have with your parents? mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, competition, predation Explain why? Agenda 05/19 Review Symbiotic Relationships Homework Check pp. 5-6 Limiting Factors & Population Growth Homework pp. 7-11 Fresh 9:36 What type of Relationship? Mutualism What type of Relationship? Epiphyte Plant Commensalism What type of Relationship? Parasitism What type of Relationship? Predation What type of Relationship? Mutualism What type of Relationship? Commensalism What type of Relationship? Parasitism Each population has a density, a dispersion pattern, and a reproductive strategy. Populations grow in predictable patterns. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. • Limiting factors can depend on the density of individuals in the population or not. Density-dependent limiting factors p.4 are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. (BIOTIC) – Predation – Competition – Parasitism and disease Density-independent limiting factors p.4 limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. (ABIOTIC) • unusual weather • natural disasters • human activities Density Dependent or Independent? Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt survive; the perch do not. DD - competition between species only occurs at certain densities Population Growth The size of a population is always changing. Four factors affect the size of a population: 1. Births 2. Deaths 3. Immigration (Moving into an area) Emigration 4. (Moving out of an area) • Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. (K) • This is due to limited resources (food, shelter, space) • A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. Carrying Capacity p.3 Growth Curves Logistic Growth limited by factor S-shaped Shows Carrying Capacity Shows long term growth Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. Growth Curves Exponential • • • • Unlimited growth J-shaped No limits to growth Short term growth p.3 Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance (lots of) of resources. Class/Homework Limiting Factors and Population Growth p.7-11 Carrying Capacity p.12 RTFD Warm-up 02/23 List 2 different symbiotic relationships and give an example of each. Warm-up 05/20 Density Dependent or Independent? Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature. Abiotic = Density Independent - temperature affects all population densities A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly. Biotic = Density Dependent - parasitism only affects certain population densities Agenda 5/20 Review of Limiting Factors Carrying Capacity p. 11 Mark Recapture Activity pp.13-15 HW: Limiting Factors & Carrying Capacity pp. 6-10 Carrying Capacity p. 11 Summary of Limiting Factors Density Dependent (K = carrying capacity) A factor whose effects on the size or growth of population vary with the population density. Biotic factors Food, Predators, Parasites, Disease, Competition Density Independent A factor that affects the size of a population independent or regardless of the population density. Abiotic factors Air, water, temperature, weather. Carrying Capacity (K) Ecosystems can only support a specific amount of individuals of each population. They are limited by resources. Water Space Food Habitat Carrying Capacity & Growth Curves p.11 Which is logistic? Which is exponential? Which has no limiting factors? Estimating Population Size Mark/Recapture Estimating Population Size Rabbit Population Example http://www.biologycorner.com/flash/mark_recap.swf # Marked = 10 Trial Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total: Number Captured 4 5 2 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 Number Recaptured with mark 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 37 9 Estimating Population Size # Marked = 10 Estimate = ( 37) X ( 10 ) = ( 9) Actual Rabbit Population Size = 41.1 45 Estimating Population Size Mark/Recapture Class/Homework Mark Recapture pp. 13-15 HW Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity pp. 6-10 Carrying Capacity p.11