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Bony Fish
Developed by
• Adam F Sprague
• Dave Werner
Intro to Chordates (fig. 7.51)
Table 7.1
•
•
•
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord (dorsal, elastic supporting rod)
paired pharyngeal gill slits
post-anal tail
Chordates
•
3 sub-phyla under group Acrania
(Protochordata)
1. Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates, Sea
Squirts)
2. Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
3. Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates) –
cranium/brain
•
Chordates w/ a backbone, skull, brain, and
kidneys
Lanelet(amphioxus) & Tunicate
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
class Agnatha (Lampreys)
Class Chondrichthyes (Elamobranchii)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
Classification p.156 (fig.8.1)
• Kingdom Animalia
--Phylum Chordata
----Subphylum Vertebrata
– Class Osteichthyes
• Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)
• Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish)
• Subclass Crossopterygii
Coelacanth
Coelacanth Evolution
Characteristics of Fish
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•
•
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Gills
Backbone (vertebrae)
Paired fins
Single loop circulation
Respiration
• How do fish breathe?
Fish Respiration (fig. 8.17)
• Water flows over gills as the fish swims - this
water is flowing in the opposite of the flow of
blood (countercurrent flow). Oxygen diffuses
from the water and into the blood
• Gills are made of thousands of gill filaments
• When a fish opens its mouth, it "swallows"
water, water passes over the gills and then out
the gill slits, which are covered by the fish's
operculum. You can see the operculum
opening and closing.
Fish Circulation (fig. 8.15)
The fish heart is a single loop circulation
which has 2 chambers. Blood flows into the
gills, picks up oxygen goes to the body and
then returns to the heart.
Maintaining Water Balance –
HOMEOSTASIS (fig. 8.18)
• Remember that salt sucks?
• Salt water fish have a tendency to lose
water
Fresh water fish have a tendency to gain
water (the fish is saltier on the inside)
• This is why you can't put a saltwater fish in
fresh water - it is not adapted to it.
• Kidneys maintain homeostasis and
water balance
Osmoregulation
• Freshwater take in water through body
absorption and draw through mouth to
breathe.
• Salt water fish take water through mouth
salt leaves through gills and a small
amount in urine as Urea.
Sensory organs
• An inner ear is contained in teloests which
detects sounds and balance.
• A lateral line controls impulse detections and
low frequencies. This line contains ciliated nerve
cells. (Fig. 8.19)
• Chemoreceptors are used for sensing smell
• Weberian ossicle: in freshwater fish for special
acoustic sensory
• http://www.britannica.com/eb/article9076391/Weberian-apparatus
Swim Bladder
• Controls buoyancy in fish through oxygen filling the
bladder or being released.
• Primitive fish have the bladder attached directly to the
gills.
• Blood carries oxygen to and from the bladder.
• The deeper a fish goes the more pressure on the
bladder.
• The air becomes more dense in the bladder.
• Gas is released through a gas duct.
• What about benthic or deep sea species???
• Flounder and other bottom/deep sea dwelling fishes
have a reduced bladder.
Swim Bladder
Fish
Reproduction
• Most fish fertilize their
eggs externally
• Spawning - the
process of fertilizing
eggs (fish
reproduction)
Fry = baby fish
• Broadcast
Spawning
2 Types of Bony Fish
(Osteichthyes)
1. Ray-finned - majority
of fish are this type,
fins are supported by
bony structures called
rays.
– Teleosts -most
advanced form of ray
finned fish,
symmetrical tales,
mobile fins
Teleosts
• Advance dorsal fin is
split into two regions;
Anterior dorsal fin
with spines,
posterior dorsal
with rays. Pelvic fin
is ventrally located
below pectoral.
2 Types of Bony Fish
(Osteichthyes)
2. Lobe-Finned
• Fins consist of long,
fleshy muscular
lobe, supported by a
central core of bones
Thought to be the
ancestors of
amphibians
• Coelacanth
• Lungfish
Fish Adaptations
• Lateral Line System - Used to detect vibrations,
orientate fish in the water. A line of cells running
down the side of the fish
• Gill Cover (Operculum) - covers gills,
movement of operculum allows more water to be
drawn in
• Swim Bladder - a gas filled sac that helps the
fish maintain buoyancy (sharks do not have
swim bladders, they sink when they stop
swimming)
• How do sharks maintain buoyancy w/o a swim
bladder???
Lateral Line (fig. 8.19)
Lateral Line
Fins
Fin Shape
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•
Fin shape and functional diversity
in fish (and compared to a shark).
Show are: a. sea robin
(Dactylopterus volitans): b. catfish
(Corydoras aeneus); c. piked
dogfish (Squalus acanthias); d.
mosquito-fish (Gambusia affinis);
e. anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius);
f. lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus).
Barbels – taste and sense food on
bottom
Locomotion (fig 8.11)
• Fish move through the water with movements of their tail, here
different kinds of fish locomotion are illustrated: A. A crucian carp's
fin action for stabilizing and maneuvering. a. Anguilliform locomotion
(eel); b. Carangiform locomotion (tuna); c. Ostraciform locomotion
(boxfish). The blue area on these fish shows the portion of the body
used in locomotion.
Do all fishes have scales?
• No. Many species of
fishes lack scales.
• All the clingfishes
(family Gobiesocidae)
for example, are
scaleless. Their
bodies are protected
by a thick layer of
mucous.
Mucous
•
Some species like blennies, don't
have scales, but a slimy skin with
brown and black spots: see
picture below. These spots are of
a size which can probably
fluctuate according to nervous
stimuli (like in squids): if the black
spots are enlarged, the skin
become darker to conceal itself on
the dark sea bottom thus escaping
its predators. If the red spots
become enlarged its color mimics
a brown sandy color ...It's for the
same reason that fishes have a
pale coloured belly: they escape
predators coming from below,
because they are less visible
against the silvered surface of the
sea.
Scales: 4 types (fig. 8.8)
• 1. Ganoid: Bony scales found in oldest known
species including sturgeon.
• 2. Cycloid: Simple thin disc lik escales with
smooth surface which have circular rings to
determine growth.
• 3. Ctenoid: same as cycloid, but have been
found in most advanced teleosts which have
posterior spikes from scales. Perch
• 4. Cosmoid: Similar to placoid scales and
probably evolved from the fusion of placoid
scales.
Ganoid
• Ganoid scales of the Florida
Gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus.
Photo: C. Bento © Australian
Museum
Ctenoid & Cycloid Scales
Sturgeon
Cycloid
• Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia
rupestris. Photo: C. Bento © Australian
Museum
Cycloid
Rainbow Trout on lower left
Ctenoid
• Dried scale of a
Barramundi showing the
growth rings, or annuli
• Ctenoid scales of the
Paradise Fish,
Macropodus opercularis.
Photo: S. Lindsay ©
Australian Museum
Ctenoid Scales
Sole & Sea Perch
Cosmoid
• Cosmoid scales of the
Queensland Lungfish.
Photo: C. Bento ©
Australian Museum
Red muscles
• Game fish have large amounts of red muscles
which contain more blood vessels = more
energy and O2.
• Red muscles produce greater heat energy b/c
separate smaller blood vessels carry
oxygenated blood to muscles and not dorsal
aorta. The blood vessels are close to the veins
which are 10 degrees warmer, thus heating the
blood, producing more power.
Red Muscle - Myomeres
Body Design (fig. 8.9)
• Fish possess a dorsal, ventral, posterior,
and anterior symmetry
• Fish are attenuated, compressed,
depressed, or fusiform in shape
Attenuated
• Snake-like “THE
FREAK SENIOR” and
his lovely wife
Depressed
• Dorsoventrally
Flattened
Laterally Compressed
• Squished – side to side
Fusiform
• Torpedo Shaped = very
fast
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
• Male or Female? Why?
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
• Left or Right Handed???
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
• Left or Right Handed???
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
• Left or Right Handed???
Guess Who???
• What species & shape???
Who am I???
• The Freak in his past life without his killers
Stephen and Erin…
Cryptic coloration (fig 8.10a)
• a pattern of
pigmentation that
allows an organism to
blend into the
background of its
preferred habitat.
Disruptive Coloration(fig.8.28,
14.30)
• Color stripes, bars, or
spots
Warning Coloration(fig.8.10c)
• Dangerous,
poisonous, or taste
bad
Countershading
• Dark top, light bottom
Symbiotic Relationships
1.Several species of
small bony fishes,
such as the cleaner
wrasse (Labroides
dimidiatus), are
"cleaners" that eat
debris and parasites
from the skin and
scales of larger
fishes.
Symbiotic Relationships
2.Remoras (family
Echeneidae) commonly
attach themselves to
sharks or other large
fishes, whales, and sea
turtles using a modified
dorsal fin. They eat
scraps left over from the
meals of their hosts. They
may eat parasites as well.
Symbiotic Relationships
3.Some bony fishes have
symbiotic relationships
with nonfish species.
Clownfishes (family
Pomacentridae) live
unharmed among the
venomous tentacles of
sea anemones, which
protect the clownfish from
potential predators
Commensalism
• a situation in which two
organisms are associated
in a relationship in which
one benefits from the
relationship and the other
is not affected much. The
two animals are called
commensals.
• The word derives from
the Latin com mensa,
meaning sharing a table.
• + and 0 =
Commensalism.
Mutualism
• + and + = Mutualism. Both species
benefit by the interaction between the
two species.
• Examples???
• Cleaner Shrimp Video
Parasitism
• When one organism, usually physically
smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits
and the other (the host) is harmed.
• + and - = One species benefits from the
interaction and the other is adversely
affected. Examples are predation,
parasitism, and disease.
• Examples???