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By Christina Pilla Grizzly Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chrodata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus: Ursus Species: U. arctos Polar Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chrodata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus: Ursus Species: U. maritimus •Found in the Late Eocene to middle Miocene •Descendents of BearDogs • Polar bears arose from costal grizzlies There are only 2 recognized extant subspecies of brown bears in North America: - U.a. horribilis - U.a. middendorffi U.a. Californicus No extant subspecies are recognized Only one fossil subspecies U.m.tyrannus Cultural Native American importance Hunting Aesthetics Economic Bear skin rugs Ecotourism Big game species Hunting Season Strict regulations $85 Licenses fee $25 a tag $500 for a required Guide ~$10,000-$21,000 per hunt Cultural Highly respected in native cultures Inuit hunting Aesthetic Wildlife viewing Economic Local economy benefits Sexually dimorphic Females = 125-350kg Males = 150-525kg Pelage can be a variety of color depending on their location Shoulder hump and dished face Largest land carnivore in N.America Also Sexually Dimorphic Males = 400-600kg Females = 150-250kg Specialized for living in the Arctic Habitat Generalists Found in: Woodlands Forests Alpine meadows Prairies Home range: Females: 130-780 sq.km Males: 520 – 1300 sq.km Circumpolar Found on: Arctic sea ice Islands Continental coastlines Prefer sea ice with leads and polynyas Home range = 5060,000 sq. km Migratory Omnivorous Varies by location, season and year Spring: winter-killed animals, ants, grasses and sedges, clover, and dandelion, Summer: thistle, fireweed, mushrooms, and moths Fall: Berries, whitebark and limber pine nuts, insect nests and starchy tubers and roots 99.99% Coca cola Almost exclusively carnivores Primary food source: Ringed seals Opportunistic Influenced by : Food resource Habitat selection Denning areas Grizzly home ranges overlap Females have smaller home ranges than males Aggressive behavior Closely tied to sea ice Activity is affected by season High in Summer months Low in the Winter Females go inland during the summer Polygamous Herding of estrous females Delayed implantation Two month gestation period Low rates of reproduction Only fertile ~1 month Breed from mid-May to July Born around Jan. March Litter size: ~2 Life span: 30 years – Breed from March – May Born around Nov.- Jan. Litter size ~2 Life span: 15-18 years • 1:1 sex ratio • Newborn cubs are very vulnerable • Lactation lasts 1.5-2.5 years • Remain with mothers for 2-3 years • Interval between litters: 2-4 years • Sexual dimorphism • • Grizzlies: 1.8 times larger Polar bears: 2-3 times larger Carnivorean lethargy Lasts 3-7 months Only pregnant polar bears participate Do not: Eat Drink Defecate Urinate Can be easily aroused Give birth during this time Solitary animals Mother/cubs Sub adult male groups Grizzly bears are more social than Polar bears Larger/older bears kill younger bears for food Aggregate around food source No natural enemies Humans Intraspecific killing Parasites Worms Fleas/ticks Toxoplasma gondii Diseases Canine/swine hepatitis Rabies Tooth and aging problems Exertional Myopathy Intraspecific killing Toxic chemicals Biomagnification Climate change Loss of prey Parasites Trichinella Tooth and aging IUCN – Least Concern CITES Appendix I and II Endangered Species Act Protected in the Continental U.S. Game Species Alaska only IUCN – Vulnerable CITIES Appendix II Game species in the U.S. and Canada Females and cubs protected Yearlings in some places Human- Grizzly interactions Increased in Nat. Parks Grizzly bear fatalities 17 people killed since 2000 Sport hunting allowed in Canada Must have Inuit guide and dog team No regulation in Alaska Human- Polar bear interactions Increased over the years Most bears that are aggressive towards humans are killed Polar Bear Alert Program (PBAP) Last polar bear mauling : 1983 Habitat must meet need for: Food Space Travel corridors Winter denning Refugias Must stop development Roads negatively influence bear populations A lot is relatively unknown Some problems include: Industrial development Tourism Toxic chemicals GLOBAL WARMING Successful relocation depends on a variety of factors Should be relocated at least 100 Km away Subadult females least likely to return In Polar bears: PBAT controlled Both are vulnerable to development and continuous human expansion Doesn’t look good for either species Brown, D.E. 1985. The Grizzly in the Southwest: Documentary of an Extinction. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Stirling, I. 1988. Polar Bears. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Prestrud, P., and I. Sterling. 1994. The international Polar Bear Agreement and the current status polar bear conservation. Aquatic Mammals : 20.3:113-124 "Inuit Hunting Polar Bear." Polar Bears International. N.p.. Web. 10 OCT 2013. <http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/media/images/inuit-hunting-polar-bear>. Van Daele, L.J. and V.G. Barnes Jr. 2010. Management of Brown Bear Hunting on Kodiak Island, Alaska.(PDF 1,330 kB) Scandinavian Bear Conference. Rovdjurscentrum Orsa Grönklitt. Orsa, Sweden. January 2010. "License Prices." Alaska Department of Fish and Game. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 OCT 2013. <http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=huntlicense.prices>. "2013 Known and Probable Grizzly Bear Mortalities in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem." USGS. USGS, n.d. Web. 28 SEPT 2013. <http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/science/igbst/2013mort>. "Bear Identification." Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 OCT 2013. <http://fwp.mt.gov/recreation/safety/wildlife/bears/profile.html>. Lowry, L. F., J. J. Burns, and R. R. Nelson. 1987. Polar bear, Ursus maritimus, predation on belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Bering and chukchi seas. Canada Field-Naturalist 101:141-146 Mattson, D.J., B.M. Blanchard, and R.R. Knight. 1992, Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation and whitebark pine seed crops. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:432-444