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Unit 11 Let’s Be “Diverse” 全文朗讀 Beginning I It is highly probable that if bees become extinct, humans will be in danger. Without bees, humans would not be able to access to many resources and would face food shortages. Beginning II Unfortunately, there has been a drastic decline in the bee population because of human activity. And science and technology could not solve this crisis. Body I Healthy biodiversity can ensure a balanced ecosystem and the survival of all the species within it. However, over the centuries, human activity has resulted in a continuous decline in biodiversity all over the world to the extent that the ecosystem cannot be recovered. Body II Low genetic diversity impairs the biological fitness of a species; thus increasing the likelihood of extinction. The Great Famine in the 19thcentury Ireland is a perfect example. Conclusion If the biodiversity continues to deteriorate, not only will all species in the world find it hard to flourish, but humankind will be unable to survive. 1/9 It is said that if bees become extinct, humans will have no more than four years to live. Stunning as the prediction may seem, it is highly probable. Bees, which qualify as the best pollinators in nature, carry pollen from one plant to another during their daily search for food. It is said that . . . humans will have no more than four years to live. It is said that . . . (人們相信的事)據說 ◊ It is said that Lydia is the president’s relative. → People say that Lydia is the president’s relative. → Lydia is said to be the president’s relative. Legend has it that . . . 據傳 ◊ Legend has it that ghosts wander the earth in the seventh month of the Chinese calendar. According to legend, ghosts wander the earth in the seventh month of the Chinese calendar. 【問題1】 據說這個島以前有很多黃金。 It . →People . →The island . no more than 不多於 ( ↔ no less than) ◊ No more/Fewer than 100 people are said to have been in the audience. 不定詞to live在此作形容詞,用以後位 修飾前方的名詞four years。 Stunning as/though the prediction may seem, it is highly probable. Though the prediction may seem stunning, . . . 在表「讓步」的副詞子句中,可以將要強調的部分 移至連接詞as或though前方,以形成倒裝。但要注 意當as作「儘管」用時,不可置於句首,例: ◊ Though the girl is little, she is brave. Little though/as the girl is, she is brave. 在表「讓步」的副詞子句中,強調的部分除了可以 是形容詞外,,例:也可以是名詞,但是名詞移至句首 時須將冠詞(a/an/the)刪去 ◊ Though Michael is a man, he is good at cooking and taking care of children. Man though/as Michael is, he is good at cooking and taking care of children. 【問題2】 雖然媽媽很累,她還是為我們煮晚餐。 Though → Tired . . from one + N + to another 在…之間 from + N + to + N from + one + N + to + the next ◊ The butterflies are flying from one flower to another in search of nectar. The butterflies are flying from flower to flower in search of nectar. The butterflies are flying from one flower to the next in search of nectar. 2/9 Were it not for bees, most plants would not be able to 1be fertilized and 2reproduce, nor would humans be able to use these plants for food, clothing, medicine, and fuel. If bees became extinct, crop yields would fall. Next, food shortages would surely arise. It is no exaggeration to say that bees are vital to human survival. Were it not for bees, most plants would not be able to…, nor would humans be able to use these Were it not for bees, most plants would not be able to… → If it were not for bees, most plants would not be able to…, … 此句型為「與現在事實相反」的假設語氣,如 果if引導的副詞子句省略if的話,該子句必須倒 裝,例: ◊ If Ben were a parent, he would know how hard it is to be a good one. Were it not for bees . . . , nor would humans be able to use . . . → If it were not for bees…, and humans would not be able to use…, either. 【問題3】 以下兩句有何差別? If bees become extinct, humans will have no more than four years to live. If bees became extinct, crop yields would fall and humans would starve. It is no exaggeration to say that bees are vital to human survival. It won’t be an exaggeration to say that . . . We can say without exaggeration that . . . Bees are, without exaggeration, crucial to human survival. It’s not too much/going too far to say that . . . it is no + N + that . . . 毫不… ◊ It is no surprise that most companies are investing a large amount of effort and money in the new technology. be vital to . . . 對…來說很重要、不可少 意思相近的形容詞還有fundamental、important、 essential、crucial、necessary 等,例: ◊ The patient’s taking medication at regular intervals is essential to his recovery. 此句型為 It + be + adj./N(P) + that-clause,其 中的 it 為虛主詞,真主詞為由 that 所引導的名詞子 句,而 be 動詞後方為主詞補語,用以修飾主詞,其 主詞補語可以是形容詞或名詞(片語),例: ◊ It was quite disappointing that the tickets to the baseball game had been sold out. ◊ It is an honor to have the chance to dance with the beauty. ◊ It was the coach’s command that each of the players had to go to bed before 9 p.m. and get up before 6 a.m. 3/9 The bad news is that there has been a steep decline in the bee population since the 1970s. Human activity has destroyed the natural habitats of many animals and plants, one of which is the natural habitat of bees. Agricultural practices, especially the use of insecticides, are one of the contributing factors in the destruction. To solve this crisis, some people have suggested artificial pollination. The bad news is that there has been a steep decline in the bee population since the 1970s. 本句中 the bad news是主詞 that-子句 是主詞補語 (連接詞that不可省略) the 1970s表「1970年代」,指1970年到 1979年,亦可寫作the ’70s,讀作the seventies,而’00s則表示2000年之後。 Human activity has destroyed the natural habitats . . . , one of which is the natural habitat of bees. Human activity has destroyed the natural habitats . . . , and one of them is the natural habitat of bees. The natural habitats of many animals and plants have been damaged by human activity, including those of bees. 關係代名詞本身就兼具連接詞及代名詞的功能。關 係代名詞which在此為非限定用法,指稱的是前方 提到的「許多被破壞的動植物天然棲息地」。在此 句型中的which是非限定用法的關係代名詞,用來 指位於逗點之前、作為先行詞的名詞(片語)。 【問題4】 我有兩個姊姊,她們兩個都結婚了。 I have two sisters, married. are Agricultural practices , . . . the contributing factors in the destruction. practice n. [C][U] 作法,慣例 ◊ Tipping the waiter or the waitress is common practice in the United States. contributing factor 成因 ◊ Stress may be a contributing factor to overeating. To solve this crisis, some people have suggested artificial pollination. * (in order) to solve…此處表示「目的」 crisis為單數,複數型為crises,其它類似單 複數變化的名詞還有: ◊ oasis → oases 綠洲 ◊ basis → bases 基礎 ◊ analysis → analyses 分析 ◊ diagnosis → diagnoses 診斷 ◊ emphasis → emphases 強調 suggest 除了如本處接名詞(片語) suggest + N./Ving 的用法,亦可接上that 子句,分別表示以下兩種不 同的情況: 1 表「暗示、意味著(某事)」,後面接一般的子 句,例: ◊ Olivia’s smile suggested that she was in love with Mike. 2 表「建議、要求、命令、堅持某人做某事」, that子句中的 should 可省略,後方動詞應為原 形,例: ◊ It is suggested that students (should) do their homework by themselves. 4/9 It sounds feasible in some ways; however, little do they know that a worker bee can fly among at least 5,000 flowers a day, with more than ten thousand pollen grains attached to its body hair. So quickly do worker bees pollinate plants that science and technology alone can’t compare. however, little do they know that a worker bee can fly among at least 5,000 flowers a day… 否定副詞 (如 little、never、seldom、hardly、 not . . . until、rarely、by no means、in no situation 等)置於句首時,必須將述詞移至主詞之 前,形成倒裝,例: ◊ Serena didn’t know that the DVD player she had bought was already broken until she unwrapped it. Not until Serena unwrapped the DVD player she had bought did she know that it was already broken. at least 表示「至少」,即 not less than。 little do they know that a worker bee can fly among at least 5,000 flowers a day, with more than ten thousand pollen grains attached to its body hair. with + O + OC 用來表示「附帶的情況」,其受詞補 語可以是過去分詞、現在分詞、介系詞片語、形容 詞,此句中pollen grains是被黏到蜜蜂身上的細毛, 故用Vpp.。 例: with + O + OC 用來表示「附帶的情況」,其受詞補 語可以是過去分詞、現在分詞、介系詞片語、形容 詞,例: ◊ The injured motorcyclist lay on the ground, with his leg broken. ◊ The heartbroken parents looked at their son’s body, with tears rolling down their faces. ◊ The boy stood in the street, with a 10dollar coin in his pocket. ◊ The children stared at the magician, with their mouths wide open. 【問題5】 1.她習慣睡覺時開著燈。 She . 2. 那隻鴨媽媽走在路上,後面跟著一群小鴨。 The mother duck . 3. Joe 腳交叉坐在床上。 Joe . grain 在此譯作「細粒」,而非穀物,例: ◊ a grain of sand/salt/sugar a grain of sth 微量、一點點的某事物 ◊ There wasn’t a grain of truth in what Winston had told you. So quickly do worker bees pollinate plants that science and technology alone can’t compare. → Worker bees pollinate plants so quickly that science and technology alone can’t compare. **so/such . . . that . . .表「如此…以致於…」的句型中 ,若要強調補語,則可將so或such移至句首,以形 成倒裝,例: **so/such . . . that . . .表「如此…以致於…」的句型中 ,若要強調補語,則可將so或such移至句首,以形 成倒裝,例: ◊ The weather was so cold that I couldn’t help trembling. → So cold was the weather that I couldn’t help trembling. ◊ The volcano eruption was such that hundreds of people were buried alive. → Such was the volcano eruption that hundreds of people were buried alive 【問題6】 1.他忙到沒時間運動。 So . 2. 她很好心,每個人都喜歡她。 Such . alone adj. 光光是,單單 (置於名詞或代名詞後) ◊ This is a reputed café. A cup of mocha alone costs NT$500. 5/9 What’s worse is that most people are not alert to the even bigger crisis behind the phenomenon of the declining bee population—that is, a severe ecological imbalance. All species on Earth, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, have important roles to play. Various species, together with the environment they live in, form an ecosystem. What’s worse is that . . . that is . . . 此句中what’s worse 為主詞,that –子句為主詞補語。 what’s worse 表示「更糟的是」,用來提點接下 要講的事情比前面更為嚴重、麻煩,隱約也傳達 出「前面還不算最糟」的意思。其它類似結構的用 還有 what’s better 「更好的是」、what’s more「而 且,更重要的是」,例: ◊ My new cell phone is more advanced than yours, and, what’s more, it is cheaper. that is表示「也就是說」,其它意思相近的字詞還 有 that is to say、namely、in other words 等。 . . . , including animals, plants, and microorganisms, have important roles to play. . . . , inclusive of animals, plants, and microorganisms, . . . . . . , animals, plants, and microorganisms included, . . . play a(n) (important) role/part 扮演(重要的)角色 ◊ Music plays a significant role in my life, especially when I am down. 不定詞 to play 在此作形容詞用法,修飾前方的名 詞roles。 6/9 The variety of life within a particular ecosystem, such as a rain forest, a desert, or even the entire Earth, is referred to as biodiversity. Healthy biodiversity can ensure a balanced ecosystem and the survival of all the species within. Nevertheless, over the centuries, humans have caused the Earth’s biodiversity to drop to such an extent that it can never be recovered. People refer to the variety of life within a particular ecosystem . . . as biodiversity. 此乃英文常見的狀況,因為受詞太複雜,主 詞相較之下並非重點,於是順勢改為被動語 態,原來的受詞變主詞,原來的主詞則省略 。 【問題7】 refer to…as… 可代換成? ensure vt. 確保 ◊ The procedures are adopted to ensure the safety of the passengers. insure vt. 為(某人)投保 ◊ It’s wise to insure yourself against any accident before you depart. reassure vt. 使放心 ◊ The missing child’s phone call reassured his anxious parents. 代名詞it指稱的是前方所提及的名詞 the Earth’s biodiversity。 7/9 Why is it important to conserve biodiversity? One reason is that genetic diversity is closely related to biodiversity. The poorer the biodiversity is in an ecosystem, the smaller the gene pool will be. In other words, poor biodiversity will lead to low genetic diversity and reduce the biological fitness of a species, thus bringing about a greater chance of extinction. Unfortunately, humans have long gotten used to planting only one staple crop in an area, which causes the loss of local biodiversity. One reason is that genetic diversity is closely related to biodiversity. that子句在此引導名詞子句,作主詞 one reason的補語。 be related to sth 與某事相關的 (= be connected with sth) ◊ Much of the crime is related to poverty. The poorer the biodiversity is in an ecosystem, the smaller the gene pool will be. 此為 the more . . . , the more. . . 的句型,表 示「愈…就愈… 」。其基本句構為比較級移 到子句前面,例: ◊ The higher blood pressure you have, the more likely you will have a heart attack. ◊ The more we know about the universe, the more confused we seem to become. 【問題8】 很奇怪,她賺愈多錢,存的錢愈少。 Strangely, . . . . lead to low genetic diversity . . . , thus bringing about a greater chance of extinction. lead to sth 導致某事 ◊ The engineer’s continuous overwork led to his sudden death. thus adv. 因此 (= therefore, hence, consequently) ◊ The employee always complained about having piles of work to do, but she never really got down to it and finished her job. Thus, she was fired. …poor biodiversity will lead to low genetic diversity and reduce the biological fitness of a species, thus bringing about a greater chance of extinction. …will lead to. . . and thus bring about a greater chance of extinction. 此為子句與主要子句的主詞相同時,省略 對等連接詞 and 的分詞構句,例: ◊ The man didn’t know that he had left his car key in his house, still fumbling around in his bag for it. Unfortunately, humans have long gotten used to planting only one staple crop in an area, which causes the loss of local biodiversity. be/get + used to + V-ing/N 習慣於(做)某事 ◊ Having lived in Indonesia for five years, Paula gets used to the spicy food. ◊ Rachel is used to jogging in the morning. used to V 過去常常、習慣做某事 ◊ Tanya used to practice playing the guitar before she went to bed. Now that she’s preoccupied with her schoolwork, she doesn’t have much time for it. Unfortunately, humans have long gotten used to planting only one staple crop in an area, which causes the loss of local biodiversity. 關係代名詞 which 前面有逗點時,引導非 限定的關係子句,此時 which 指的是前面 整句話,例: ◊ Sarah had dropped out of school three times, which greatly disappointed her parents. 【問題9】 本句中的which指甚麼? 為什麼前面要逗點? 可代換成甚麼? Unfortunately, humans have long gotten used to planting only one staple crop in an area, which causes the loss of local biodiversity. 8/9 The Great Famine in Ireland in the 19th century is a classic example. Because of potato blight, the locals had a very bad harvest of the potato species that they had lived on. The famine took around one million Irish lives and forced another million to emigrate. Had the Irish introduced other potato species that were resistant to this disease, the disaster would have been much less grave. classic adj. 典型的 (= typical/prime) ◊ Mozart is a classic example of a child prodigy. Owing to/Due to/On account of potato blight, . . . The famine took around one million Irish lives and forced another million to emigrate. take在此表「奪走(生命)」,即 claim,例: ◊ The earthquake took/claimed the lives of a hundred people and left thousands of people homeless. another 在此不是「另一個」的意思,而是表示 「再,又」,因此後方可以接複數名詞,例: ◊ I still need another 15 minutes to get ready for the party. Had the Irish introduced other potato species that were resistant to this disease, the disaster would have been much less grave.. 此句為「與過去事實相反」的假設語氣,省略if後 形成倒裝句,原句應為 If the Irish had introduced other potato species. . . 。 假設語氣如果省略 if,必須將動詞提前形成倒裝, 其依據時態可分為以下兩種: 1「與現在事實相反」的假設語氣 ◊ If I were the teacher, I would cancel all the exams and assignments. Were I the teacher, I would cancel all the exams and assignments. ◊ If it were not for air and water, we could not live. Were it not for air and water, we could not live. 2「與過去事實相反」的假設語氣 ◊ If I had been honest in the beginning, the boss would not have been so angry. Had I been honest in the beginning, the boss would not have been so angry. ◊ If it had not been for your advice, I might have made a huge mistake. Had it not been for your advice, I might have made a huge mistake. 【問題10】 1. 若不是因為他的朋友,他會覺得很孤單。 , he would feel very lonely. , 2. 假如當時他沒有即時停車,車禍可能就要發生。 . . 9/9 It is apparent that biodiversity is of great importance to all biological species. If the loss of biodiversity continues, humans will certainly suffer the consequences of it in the future. In the long term, trying to survive would be a difficult task for all of the species in the world, including humankind, not to mention the possibility of flourishing. Therefore, conserving the endangered species is not simply about saving beautiful plants and animals. It is actually about saving ourselves and our descendants alike. It is apparent that biodiversity is of great importance to all biological species. Apparently, biodiversity is very important to . . . It在此為虛主詞,真正的主詞是後面的 that子 句。 be of (great) importance to sth/sb = be adj. to 對…而言有(很大)的重要性 ◊ Torn as the toy may seem, it is the first gift that my grandmother bought me and is of great importance to me. 「of + 抽象名詞」即為該抽象名詞之形容詞, 例: ◊ It is of no use to cry over spilt milk. It is useless to cry over spilt milk. ◊ We should solve this problem as soon as possible since it is of great significance. We should solve this problem as soon as possible since it is very significant. If the loss of biodiversity continues, humans will certainly suffer the consequences of it in the future. If biodiversity continues to decrease, humans will definitely suffer . . . suffer/face/accept/take the consequences 面對、承擔後果 ◊ If anyone’s to blame, it’s me. I’ll take the consequences. not to mention 更不用說 (let alone否定時) ◊ This puzzle is too complicated for a high school student, not to mention a ten year old. not to mention為準對等連接詞,其後大多接 名詞片語,例: ◊ I don’t like the style of this dress, not to mention its strange color. 本句主詞為動名詞片語conserving our endangered species,故後方動詞應與其一 致,使用單數動詞。 I. Complete the flow chart below according to the reading. Bees have become extinct. pollen from one plant to There are no bees carrying 1_______ another. reproduce/be fertilized Crops and plants cannot 2______________________. Humans can’t make use of what those plants reproduce in 3________________________ food, clothing, medicine _____________. and fuel Crops yields will decline, and 4______________ food, shortages/ famine will arise. _______ extinction Humans are faced with 5___________. II. Choose the correct answer to each question or statement. ( D ) 1. Which of the following statements about biodiversity is true? (A) The variety of life within a small area cannot be referred to as biodiversity. (B) Humans caused a great decline in the earth’s biodiversity in the 19th century. (C) The loss of biodiversity in an area can strengthen the surviving species. (D) Healthy biodiversity can ensure the survival of all the species within a particular ecosystem. ( B ) 2. According to the reading, poor biodiversity leads to ___________. (A) high genetic diversity (B) small gene pools (C) few chances of extinction (D) bountiful harvests ( C ) 3. Which of the following statements about bees is NOT true? (A) Bees are the best pollinators in nature. (B) A worker bee is able to fly among at least 5,000 flowers a day. (C) Artificial pollination can be a way to solve the crisis of the declining bee population. (D) The number of bees in the world has been decreasing drastically since the 1970s. ( B ) 4. From the reading, we can infer that ________. (A) millions of local Irish residents died of potato blight (B) the Irish did not diversify their staple food sufficiently in the 19th century (C) the Great Famine forced two million people to emigrate from Ireland (D) the new potato species that some Irish farmers introduced caused the famine