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________ Ecology Water has ________ properties Heat ____________ Heat of ____________ Water changes temp very slowly because it can store ______. This protects living organisms from the _______ of abrupt temperature changes. The temperature at which water turns to _______ is very ________. Expansion when _________ Ice has a lower _________ than liquid water. Thus, ice ______ on water. Universal _______ Water can _______ a wide variety of compounds. This means it can easily become _______ by water______wastes. _______ Water Examples – streams, rivers, and lakes Source – ____________ Watershed – Ex. small streams larger streams rivers sea ___________ _______–porous rock w/ water flowing through _____ Table – the level of earth’s land crust to which the aquifer is _____ __________ – the circulation rate of groundwater is slow (300 to _______ years). _______ Water keeps us ______, moderates ________, _______ the land, removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants, and moves continually through the __________ cycle: Water covers _____% of Earth’s surface but only about _____% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid ___________. Water By The _________ Oceans: ______% Glaciers / polar ices caps: _____% Groundwater: _____% Other land surface water (rivers, lakes): ____% ____% of all surface freshwater is in Lake Baikal, Russia. The ______ Aquifer is the largest groundwater reserve. The Middle East has the _______ amount of naturally available freshwater and uses _________ for their water supply. Lake Bikal is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world. The Ogallala Aquifer is located in the central plains of the US because of watershed properties WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Comparison of ___________ sizes and shares of the world’s ____________ among the continents. WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Some precipitation infiltrates the __________ and is stored in _____ and _______ (_____________). Water that does _____ sink into the ground or evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ _______) into bodies of water. The land from which the surface water _______ into a body of water is called its __________ or _____________. (Largest is _____________________________). Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Runoff Flowing artesian well Recharge Unconfined Aquifer Infiltration Water table Stream Well requiring a pump Lake Infiltration Fig. 14-3, p. 308 WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL We currently use more than _____ of the world’s reliable ______ of surface water and could be using ______ by 2025. About _____ of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to these sources. ________ is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and ____________ (10%). _________ ______ _______ Affecting Aquatic Ecosystems ‣ _______ (physical) factors are the influences of the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Examples include pH, _________ (saltiness), temperature, turbidity, nutrients, wind speed and direction, humidity, _____________, water pressure, and light intensity and water quality. ‣ ________ factors are the influences of the living parts of the ecosystem. Producers and consumers interact as competitors, parasites, pathogens, symbionts, and predators. Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water Aquatic life zones __________ life zones Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands __________ life zones (_______ life zones) Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests FRESHWATER LIFE ZONES Freshwater life zones include: _______ (_____) water such as lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands. _______ (_____) systems such as streams and rivers. Figure 8-15 Freshwater Streams and Rivers: From the _________ to the ______ Figure 8-18 Water flowing from mountains to sea creates _________ aquatic ________ and habitats. A river is a system of different __________. __________ Stream Characteristics A narrow zone of _____, ______clear water that rushes over waterfalls and rapids. Large amounts of ________ are present. Fish/organisms present. Ex. trout. Deposits _________ and ______. __________ Characteristics _______-moving water, less ______, warmer temperatures, and lots of algae and cyanobacteria. Provide different habitats and help _______ water. Natural Capital Ecological Services of Rivers • Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries • Deposit silt that maintains deltas • Purify water • Renew and renourish wetlands • Provide habitats for wildlife Fig. 12-11, p. 267 _______ Systems (lakes and ponds) ______in most aquatic systems is found in surface, middle, and bottom layers. Temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient availability changes with ________. _________ zone (upper layer in deep water habitats): sunlight can penetrate. Lakes: _____________________ Lakes are large natural bodies of standing __________ formed from precipitation, runoff, and groundwater seepage consisting of: ________zone (near shore, shallow, with rooted plants). ________ zone (open, offshore area, sunlit). ________ zone (deep, open water, too dark for photosynthesis). _______ zone (bottom of lake, nourished by dead matter). Figure 8-16 _________ _____________ During ________ and _______ in deep temperate zone lakes the become ______into temperature layers and will overturn. This ___________ the temperature at all depths. _________ is brought from the surface to the lake bottom and _________ from the bottom are brought to the top. ______ During the summer, lakes become stratified into different _________ layers that resist ______ because summer sunlight warms surface waters, making them less ______. The ______ layer acts as a ______ to the transfer of nutrients and dissolved oxygen. ________ ________ ___ Turnover As __________ begin to drop, the surface layer becomes more ______, and it sinks to bottom. This mixing brings _______ from bottom up to surface and sends _______ to the bottom. _____ Turnover As top water ______ and ice ______, it _____ through and below the cooler, less dense water, _______ oxygen ______ and nutrients ____. ______ of Plant Nutrients on Lakes: Too Much of a Good Thing Plant _________ from a lake’s environment affect the______and numbers of _________ it can support. _____________(poorly nourished) lake: Usually newly formed lake with small supply of plant nutrient input. ________ (well nourished) lake: Over time, sediment, organic material, and inorganic nutrients wash into lakes causing excessive plant growth. Too Much of a Good Thing Most lakes fall somewhere between the two types of lakes and are called ____________ ______. ______ __________ Human inputs of nutrients from the atmosphere and urban and agricultural areas can _________ the eutrophication process. Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake ______ Lake Victoria has lost their _______ fish species to large introduced ________ fish. Figure 14-1 Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake Victoria ___________ for Lake Victoria’s loss of biodiversity: Introduction of _____ _______. Lake experienced _______ blooms from nutrient _______. Invasion of water _______ has blocked sunlight and deprived oxygen. Nile perch is in ________ because it has eaten its own food supply. _________ _________ Freshwater ______ Wetlands: Vital _________ Inland wetlands act like natural ________ that absorb and store _______water from storms and provide a variety of wildlife _______. ________ An area of ________ flooded, often silty land ______ a river or lake. ________ A lowland region ________covered with water. _______ _________ _______ _______ _______ An area down by a ______ or _______ where lots of _________, like oaks, grow. These are ________ that hold water out on the ______, especially up north in Canada. It is a very good _____ habitat. _____ _____ ____ A _____ area that over time fills in (the last stage of _________ is peat moss). It can be very deep. In Ireland, they burn this for _____. Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Vital Sponges Filter and degrade _________.(______ water) _________for many animals and plants. Reduce ________ and ________ by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help ________ stream flows during dry periods. Help ________ ground _________. Provide economic ________ and ________. ___________ Aspects _______ and _______ want Congress to revise the ______ of wetlands. This would make ______ of all wetlands ________ for _________. The Audubon Society estimates that wetlands provide water quality protection worth ________per year, and they say if that wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. would spend ____ billion to ___billion per year in additional _____control costs. ________ Systems Oceans Provide Vital _________l and _________ Resources Estimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and _________ Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones 1. __________ zone 2. 3. Warm, nutrient rich, shallow Shore to edge of continental shelf Usually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrients Open ______ Ocean ________ Where species live Key ________in the distribution of organisms ____________ Dissolved __________ content Availability of ______ Availability of ______ and _________ needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone __________degree of cloudiness in water Inhibits photosynthesis _____ and _____ Shores Host Different Types of Organisms _________ zone (Beach Zone) Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches ______ Zone - ______ part of ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200m in depth. Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily _______ and ________ changes __________ _______ beach – _______ environment that threatens to engulf organisms & no protection against wave action. Most animals ______ into sand. They move with the tides, so they’re always __________& don’t _____ out. ________ shore – ______ wave action at high tide; _______ out & temperature changes during low. Animals have a way of _______ in moisture like a ______ & find way to cling to ______ so they don’t get washed away with waves. The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species Three vertical zones of the open sea (_______ Zone) 1. _________ zone (0-200 meters) 2. Phytoplankton Nutrient levels ____ __________ oxygen levels high _________ zone (200-1500 meters) Dimly lit ____________ and smaller fishes The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species 3. _________ zone (Extends to a depth of 4000 to 6000 meters or 2.5 to 3.7 miles). _____and _______ High levels of ________ Little dissolved _______ Deposit and Filter feeders ________brings nutrients to euphotic zone Primary productivity _________ Zone (ocean floor) The ocean floor consists of _________ (mostly sand and mud) Many marine animals, like _____ and _______ burrow _______ are common & can go down 500 meters below ocean floor. The Benthic environment extends from the shore to the deep. Open Sea Depth in meters 0 Sea level 50 Euphotic Zone Estuarine Zone Photosynthesis High tide Coastal Low tide Zone 100 Continental shelf 500 Bathyal Zone 1,000 Twilight 200 1,500 2,000 Abyssal Zone 3,000 4,000 Darkness Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline . 5,000 10,000 0 5 10 15 Water temperature (°C) 20 25 30 Fig. 8-6, p. 173 Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems Fig. 8-5, p. 172 _________ in Aquatic Zones Aquatic systems contain organisms that float, drift, swim, bottom-dwell, and decompose. These organisms are called: _________, _______, _______, & ___________ _____________ & _____________ ___________ are an autotrophic group of weakly swimming, free-_______biota. Are ________ that support most aquatic food chains. Provide much of the _______ in Earth’s atmosphere and include: Phytoplankton (plant-like organisms) and cyanobacteria Different types of phytoplankton ‣ ___________ are __________ that feed on plankton and are, in turn, the food stock for larger consumers like whales. These organisms include: Krill are one of the most important organisms in aquatic food chains especially for whales. _______ and small ____________ ________ and ________ _______ are larger, actively __________ consumers usually the ____ consumers in the aquatic ecosystems and include: Fish, whales and turtles Sharks and Turtles are nektonic species _______ are bottomdwelling creatures that may be _________ consumers or __________. These highly diverse organisms may live in tide pools, shelves or the abyss and include: Barnacles, oysters, lobsters and sea anemones Benthos or “depths of the sea” are organisms that live on the ocean floor _____ ______ and ______ ______ (Seaweed): _______ algae provide habitats and food for many organisms. ___________ leads to degradation of kelp forests as herbivores are released from the potential predators. (Sea otter and the urchin.) Kelp is considered as a _________ resource because it is fast growing and yields large amounts of methane. The fast growing algae has been the topic of renewable energy talks because of the lack of an ________ requirement. _________: Seagrass is highly adaptable and serves as a _________ for many marine ecosystems. Seagrass can reduce _______and increase sedimentation through roots that stabilize the seabed. Provide s_________ for organisms, wave protections, oxygen production and _________storage. ______ ______ Characteristics Built from layers of ________ _______, coral reefs are found in ______, ________ sea water. The living portions must grow in shallow waters where light hits. Grow _______, as one dies another grows on it. Coral Reefs: Centers of _________ Marine equivalent of ________ rain forests Reefs are the ______ source for marine life, ________ grounds for fish and bird species, and shelter and hiding place for many species. Loss of reefs removes habitats as they are habitats for _____ of all marine species. This _______ biodiversity or richness and could cause the ________ or decrease in populations of marine organisms. Coral Reefs ______ and protection ________ areas from waves and storms. Prevents destruction of coastal habitats or erosion of shoreline habitats. Waters where reefs are found are often _____ in nutrients but have other _________ factors such as temperature, sunlight year round, and ______________. Reefs are a major _______ sink in the ocean and this carbon storage would be lost. Types of Coral Reefs ____________ Reef The most ________ type of coral reef. It is directly attached to the shore of a ________ island or ________. ______ A _______ reef that surrounds a central ________ of quiet water. An atoll forms on top of the cone of a _________ volcanic island. More than 300 atolls are found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. ________ Reef A ______ of open water ______ the land from the barrier reef. The largest barrier reef is the ______ Barrier Reef off the coast of ________. The second largest is off the coast of _______. Coral Reef _______ Of the 109 countries with large reefs, ____are damaging them, and ____% of the coral reefs are at ______risk, especially off the coast of Southeastern Asia. In the western Atlantic, _______% of all coral species are either ______ or __________. Coral Reef Risks Con’t _______ washing from downstream has ___________ the reefs High _______ from fresh water diversion, over-fishing, boat groundings, fishing with dynamite or cyanide, hurricane damage, disease, coral _________, land reclamation, tourism, and the ________ of coral for building materials. __________ of Provides _________with seafood, pharmaceuticals, and recreational/tourism dollars ______ coral reefs in ____ countries are protected as reserves or parks, and another _____ have been recommended for protection. The good news is coral reefs ______ often recover from damage. Gray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Blue tang Fairy basslet Parrot fish Hard corals Algae Brittle star Sergeant major Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Coney Symbiotic algae Zooplankton Blackcap basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary Secondary to consumer higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 8-12, p. 177 Human ________ Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems Major _______ to marine systems Coastal development _____________ Use of fishing __________ Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat _____________ Introduction of___________species Climate ________ from human activities _________of coastal wetlands and estuaries Ocean _________ The ocean acts as a ____ sink, absorbing much of the _____ produced by the burning of fossil _______. CO2 reacting with water forms _______ acid through the chemical reaction: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 An _________ in carbonic acid levels is causing the _____ of the oceans to fall. This has major implications for marine life. 8.4 pH of ocean surface 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.2 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.6 25 Possible pH range 8.0 20 15 10 5 Time (millions of years before present) 0 7.9 5 7.8 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Atmospheric carbon dioxide CO2 Dissolved carbon dioxide CO +2 Water H2O Effect of Ocean Acidification Hydrogen ions+ Carbonate ions from the sea H+ CO32Carbonic acid H2CO3 ‣ Because the oceans are naturally __________, acidification will not produce _____ waters. ‣ Shells will not dissolve but organisms will find it more difficult to gain the ______ ions needed to _______ shells. ‣ Shell making organisms are able to use ______ but cannot use ______. ‣ ___________ lowers the amount of CO32- available. Bicarbonate ions HCO3- Deformed shells Ocean pH _____ is a logarithmic scale, so even a small pH change represents a large change in ____.Thus a pH of 5 is ____x more acidic than a pH of ___. Some areas are affected by pH change more than others. Changes may be due to: higher human activity, e.g. sea ______ in the North Sea natural _________ that affect CO2 uptake, e.g. underwater __________ Change of -0.07 pH units Amount of change in ocean surface pH since 1900 Image: Plumbago using GLODAP data -0.12 - 0.1 - 0.08 - 0.06 - 0.04 - 0.02 0 (or no data) Healthy Vs. Unhealthy Coral ____________ __________ and __________: Gone Fishing, Fish Gone Since ______, major decline in fishing. About _____% of the world’s commercially valuable marine fish species are over fished or fished near their sustainable limits. ____ fish are becoming scarce. Smaller fish are next. We throw away ___% of the fish we catch. We needlessly kill sea _______ and _____. _________- fish or animals that were not meant to be caught Fish farming in cage Trawl flap Trawler fishing Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl lines Trawl bag Long line fishing Fish school Drift-net fishing Float Buoy Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig. 11-18, p. 259 _______ of ______ ______________- large ________-like net is put into the ocean and is then closed like a drawstring purse to trap the fish. Tuna is a fish typically caught in purse seines Dolphins are a by-catch of purse seines ______________- _______ are put out that can be up to ____miles long w/ thousands of baited hooks on them. These are left out free-floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up. Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are by-catch of this technique. _______________- ______ that hangs as much as _____ feet below the surface and up to _____ miles long. Anything that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets are entangled. Many unwanted fish and marine mammals, turtles and seabirds are caught. Types of nets cont. Area of ocean ______ and _____ a trawler net _______ net scrapes bottom of ocean acting like a giant plow. Figure 11-2 Population Growth and Pollution Each year _______ items dumped from ______ and left as litter on _________ threaten marine life. ______ Pacific ______ Patch _______ trash vortex, is an area of high relative concentrations of pelagic _______, chemical sludge and other ______ that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre Case Study: Protecting ______: A Success Story… So Far ___ of ____ species hunted to commercial extinction by 1975 _____: U.S. stopped commercial whaling and ______ imports of whale products. _____: Moratorium on commercial whaling 42,480 whales killed in 1970 1500 killed in 2009 _______, _______, and _______ ignore moratorium Case Study: Holding Out Hope for _________ Turtles ________to the leatherback turtle ________ and drowning in fishing nets _________ Eggs used as ______ ________ ________ change Fishing boats using turtle _______ devices ___________ protecting the turtles Sea Turtle Species Fig. 11-9, p. 262 _________ Estuaries Estuaries are partially _______ area of coastal water where sea water ______ with freshwater and are constantly changing. ________, temperature, suspended solids, storms (precipitation), and tidal cycles fluctuate with the time of year. Organisms that live in this unique habitat must be able to __________ these conditions. __________ that are transported from rivers brings a high amount of nutrients. This allows a place of ________ for many ocean species and thus makes estuaries highly _________ and very ________ supporting complex food webs. ______ Marshes The ground here is ________ with water and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ and _____, and contains many _________. It is also the _______ ground for many ______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish. __________ Forests Located along ______, ________ coasts where there is too much _____ for coral reefs to grow. Dominated by __________ trees called _________ (55 different species exist). Helps _______ the coastline from _______ and provides a _______ nursery for some ______ species of fish, invertebrates, and plants. ________ Ecosystem _________ Estuaries serve as a _______ sink by absorbing large amounts of CO2 (sink) and they also serve as ________for _________ by trapping sediments and pollutants. They act as ___________ as they absorb water recharging ______________ stores and controlling ___________ by slowing flow of water. Economically wetlands are important as well: Provide ______________ and recreational income through fishing, recreation, and photography. Allow for protected waterway passage between rivers and oceans. Protect property by __________ shores form flow of water and erosion. _______ sewage and storm water that would otherwise be paid for by the local community. Coastal ecosystems can easily be affected by _______ sea levels, storms, temperature change, and rate of water cycling. __________ of Estuaries Just one acre of estuary provides $________ worth of free _______ treatment, and has a value of about $________ when recreation and fish for food are included. Prime Kansas _________ has a top value of $1,200 and an annual production value of $600. Case Study: The __________ Bay—an Estuary in Trouble __________estuary in the US; polluted since 1960 Human ___________increased _______and ______point sources raised pollution __________and _______levels too high Excess sediments from ________ and decreased vegetation Increased _______Zone – areas of no or little ________ where nothing can live Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble ________a keystone species, greatly reduced ________: Chesapeake Bay Program Integrated coastal ________with local, state, federal governments and citizens’ groups ______ update: 25 years and $6 billion Program met only ______% of goals Water quality “_____ _____” Chesapeake Bay Fig. 8-14, p. 180 The __________ Southern Florida to the Keys Case Study: _________ the Florida Everglades The world’s ________ ecological restoration project involves trying to ______ some of the _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ activities. ____% of park’s wading birds have vanished. Other vertebrate populations down _______%. Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the park have been ________ for _____ and _____. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms. __________ As Miami develops, it ________ on everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. ________. It is __________ and local areas are ________ it. Restoring the Florida Everglades The project has been attempting to ______ the ________ and Florida _____supplies. Figure 11-13 _______________ Build huge ________, or find other sources of ______ water an protect it ______ under _______ species act, etc. _______ Effects on Aquatic Systems Most water used by humans comes from rivers, lakes, & aquifers. ________rivers for electricity affects water flow downstream as seen in the James Bay project in Quebec with over 600 dams blocking 19 rivers. _______ and ________ for drinking water displace vast amounts of the water for these resource stores. ________ from fertilizers, waste, an sewage can have paralyzing effects on rivers, lakes, and oceans. These actions can have dramatic effects on the _________ and can cause loss of biodiversity. Irrigation can move move millions of liters of water from rivers and aquifers, affecting land down stream. Damming and diverting rivers lowers the availability of water downstream and stops annual floods that replace soil nutrients. Dams, locks and other obstacles make it very difficult for migratory fish to find their way to breeding grounds. ________ Species Are Degrading Aquatic Biodiversity Invasive species _______ native species Disrupt and degrade whole ecosystems Two examples _____________: waterways of south Florida _______ in the Atlantic _______________