Download Chapter 9: The Architectural Pattern of an Animal

Chapter 9: The
Architectural Pattern
of an Animal
Chapter 10:
Classification and
Phylogeny of Animals
Who was the first person to classify
animals?
Aristotle, Greek
Philosopher, 384-322
B.C.
Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What
did he do?
Carolus Linnaeus, developed
the modern classification
system for living things and
binomial nomenclature
(Genus + species such as
Homo sapiens).
Hierarchy and Taxon
• What is a hierarchy?
– Arranging organisms in groups from the most
inclusive to the least inclusive
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
• Species
• What is a taxon?
– Any taxonomic group or entity
Binomial Nomenclature
• Examples of binomial nomenclature:
– Homo sapiens
– Holocanthus ciliaris
– Centropyge loriculus
– Scutigera coleoptrata
– Canis familiaris
– Felis domesticus
– Ginko biloba
Phylogeny, clade and outgroup
• Phylogeny
– The origin and diversification of any taxon.
• Clade
– A taxon or ancestral group consisting of an ancestral
species and all its decendants, forming a distinct
branch on a phylogenetic tree.
• Outgroup
– A species or group of species closely related to but
NOT included within a taxon whose phylogeny is
being studied, and used to polarize variation of
characters and to root the phylogenetic tree
Species
• Species:
– A group of interbreeding individuals of
common ancestry that are reproductively
isolated from all other such groups in their
natural habitat.
– A taxonomic unit ranking below genus and
designated by a binomen consisting of its
genus and the species name
• Exp. The human species is Homo sapiens not
sapiens, that is the specific epithet
Criteria for recognizing a species
• Common descent
• Smallest distinct groupings
• Reproductive community
Typological Species Concept
A species is considered a distinct and
immutable entity. Species are defined by
fixed, essential features (usually
morphological) that were interpreted as a
divinely created pattern or archetype.
Type specimens were used.
Biological Species Concept
• A species is a reproductive community of
populations (reproductively isolated from
others) that occupies a specific niche in
nature.
– Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr (1982)
Major subdivisions of the animal
kingdom
• Branch A: (Mesozoa), phlum mesozoa
• Branch B: (Parazoa), phylum Porifera
[sponges] and phylum Placozoa
• Branch C: (Eumetazoa), all other phyla
– Grade 1: (Radiata): phylum Cnidaria,
Ctenophora
– Grade 2: (Bilateria): all other phyla
• Division A (Protostomia)
– Aceolomates: phyla platyhelminthes, Gnathostomulida,
Nemertea
Major Subdivisions of the animal
kingdom continued
• Division A (protostomia) continued:
– Pseudocoelomates: phyla
• Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda,
Acathocephala, Entoprocta, Priapulida, Loricifera
– Eucoelomates: phyla
• Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echiurida, Sipunculida,
Tardigrada, Pentastomida, Onychophora, Pogonophora
• Division B (Deuterostomia): Phyla
• Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Chaetognatha, Brachiopoda,
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
Eumetazoan!
(true tissues)
Mammal!
Kingdom: Animalia
Euceolomate
(or just
ceolomate)
[has a true
body cavity,
lined on all
sides by
mesoderm]
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum:
Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species (specific
epithet): Sapiens
David Doty
Jillian Doty
Subspecies:
Sapiens
How to write a scientific name
• Homo sapiens sapiens
• Gramma loreto
Zebrasoma flavesenes
Chapter 40: Animal Ecology
Hierarchy of Ecology
•
•
•
•
•
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
What do all organisms need?
• Food, air, water, shelter, mates,
minerals, etc.
• We call these RESOURCES!
• Sometimes certain resources are less
abundant than others. These are called
limiting resources.
– Exp. Water in a desert.
What is a niche?
• A niche is the job an
organism does in its
environment.
• Examples:
– Lion = top predator
– Rat = omnivore
– Cat = low trophic level
predator
– Ant = omnivore
• A fundamental niche is the
job an organism could do in
its environment, a realized
niche is the actual job it
does.
Population and Deme
• Population: A group of the same species.
– Exp. A population of white tailed deer, but NOT a
“population” of mule deer and white tailed deer
(that would be a community).
• Deme: A local population of closely related
animals.
– Exp. Black squirrels in Berkley.
– Demes have the following characteristics:
• Age structure, sex ratio, and growth rate
Survivorship
Curve
What is competition? Why do
organsims compete?
• What is competition?
– Organisms trying to get X resource,
sometimes at the expense of other
organisms, but always at the reduced fitness
of both species.
• Why do organisms compete?
– To get resources for survival and to improve
their chances at reproduction.
Character Displacement
• Partitioning a shared resources and
using different portions of it.
– Example: Four different species of bird
living in one tree, but at different heights,
and feeding at those heights as well.
Predators and Parasites
• Predators eat their prey, such as lions,
• mantids, sharks etc.
• Parasites live on their host (prey), such as
• fleas, tapeworms, flukes, plasmodium
(causes malaria), etc.
Symbiosis
• Symbiosis: Two organisms living in close
proximity that rely upon each other to some
extent.
• Parasitism: One benefits the other harmed:
– Flea and Dog, tapeworm and you
• Commensalism: One benefits the other
neither harmed nor helped:
– Remora and Shark
• Mutualism: Both organisms benefit:
– Cleaner shrimp and cleaned fish
Mimicry
• Mimicry: Appearing as another organism
to benefit from the other organisms
defenses.
– Exp. Monarch butterflies and Viceroys,
Cuckoo wasp and Yellowjacket
– Two types of mimicry: Batesian (one organism
is harmful, the other is not) and Mullerian,
both are harmful
Keystone Species
• When the influence of one population
on others is so pervasive that its
absence drastically changes the
character of the entire community.
– Exp. Seastar [Pisaster], alligator, elephant
What makes up an ecosystem?
• All the biotic and abiotic factors in
a given area and their interactions.
–Biotic = living
–Abiotic = non living
Energy Budget of an Animal
• Gross productivity: total energy assimilated.
(gross pay)
• Net productivity: Energy stored in an
organism’s tissues (take home pay)
• Respiration: The energy required for
metabolic maintenance. (deductions from
your check, which are always annoying!)
• Biomass: The energy available for growth
and reproduction
– (energy budget of an animal equation)
– Pn = Pg – R