Download Classification and Taxonomy Notes

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Classification & Taxonomy Notes
Essential
What is the importance of classification?
Question
It makes the study of such a wide variety of organisms easy.
It projects before us a good picture of all life forms at a glance.
It helps us understand the interrelationship among different groups of organisms.
It serves as a base for the development of other biological sciences such as
biogeography etc.
Various fields of applied biology such as agriculture, public health and
environmental biology depends on classification of pests, disease vectors,
pathogens and components of an ecosystem.
Activating
Strategy
What is
taxonomy &
classification?
Taxonomy = a branch of biology that groups and names organisms
What did the
1st
classification
system look
like?
1st system
- made by Aristotle (384 -322 B.C.)
- used various characteristics to classify organisms into 2 groups: plants and
animals
- problem- showed no evolutionary connections
Classification =
2nd system
How did the
- made by Carolus Linnaeus in 1700’s
nd
2 system
- still used today
differ from the
- uses physical and structural similarities to group organisms
1st?
- shows evolutionary relationship
(Ex. Bats are classified as mammals bc they have hair + produce milk for their
young)
What is
Binomial nomenclature: two word identification system of species
binomial
1st word = genus (group of similar species)
nomenclature? 2nd word = specific epithet (characteristic)
What are the
Ex. Species name for humans is Homo sapiens (genus= homo, sapiens = wise in
rules of
Latin)
binomial
Rules for writing:
nomenclature?
1. always capitalize first letter of genus
2. use latin (no longer used in conversation so it does not change)
3. must be italicized or underlined
What is the
purpose of
classifying?
Purpose of Classification System
1. To study relationships between living on extinct species
EX: Are dinosaurs more closely related to birds or reptiles?
2. To help identify new and existing organisms
EX: a child eats a berry from the backyard, is it poisonous?
EX: 1 tree makes a valuable chemical, maybe another similar tree
would too?
What is a
Dichotomous Key = a tool used to identify organisms
dichotomous
EX: insect key or salamander key assignments
key?
What are the
Levels of Classification
levels of
classification?
1. Domain = group of kingdoms
2. Kingdom = taxon (group) of similar phyla
3. Phylum = taxon of similar classes
4. Class = taxon of similar orders
5. Order = taxon of similar families
6. Family = taxon of similar genera
7. genus = taxon of similar species
8. species= group of group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed
How are
humans
classified?
What are the
5
evolutionary
relationships
between
organisms?
Human Classification Groups
Domain = Eukarya
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Primates
Family = Hominidae
Genus = Homo
Species = Homo sapiens
1. Structural relationships (cat family has claws)
2. Breeding behavior (frogs use different sounds)
3. Geographic distribution (location of Earth, separated by an ocean?)
4. Biochemistry (similar DNA, amino acids, proteins, etc.)
5. Chromosome comparison (# of chromosomes, structure of them)
What is
phylogeny?
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
What is
cladistics?
Cladistics is a system of classification based on phylogeny
What is a
cladogram?
Cladogram is a model of the phylogeny of a species. It is similar to a family tree
but it shows probable ancestry.
In a cladogram the more closely together the species are placed the more closely
similar the species.