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Looking Back at Prerequisites Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world! Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask! Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable. Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis Looking Back at Prerequisites Biology: the Study of Life What are the fundamental properties of life? Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life) Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproduction…failure = extinction Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior Adaptation-long term responses = evolution Looking Back at Prerequisites Biology is multidimensional Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem This array is an example of what dimension? Levels of Organization What fields of biology are at each extreme? Biochemistry and Biophysics In this course our focus will be upon… These levels but only in reference to plants Looking Back at Prerequisites Classification Domain Prokarya Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Bacteria Protista Or Plantae Plantae Cyanophyta Chlorophyta Anthophyta Magnoliophyta Class Prochlorophyceae Chlorophyceae Dicotyledonae Order Prochlorales Ulvales Rosales Family Prochlorococcaceae Ulvaceae Rosaceae Genus Prochlorococcus Ulva Rosa Species P. marinus U. lactuca R. multiflora Common MED4 Sea lettuce Wild Rose Phylum The species name is a Latin binomial Dead Language Universally known The Genus name and a specific epithet Example: Brassica oleracea mustard of the garden Sometimes the binomial is not good enough! So we add a Latin variety name as well (also known as subspecies) Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea Cabbage: Brassica oleracea capitata QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.blueoniondesign.com/blog/cabbage.jpg Kale: Brassica oleracea acephala http://www.hilltopfarms.org/images/kale.jpg Brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea gemmifera QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.vegetables.pe.kr/vegetablesgallery/leaf_vegetables/images/brussels%20sprouts_prince%20marvel.jpg Kohlrabi: Brassica oleracea caulorapa QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.hrt.msu.edu/course/HRT204L/VEG_ID/kohlrabi.jpg Broccoli: Brassica oleracea italica QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.cloverseed.com.hk/web_clover_c/broccoli/broccoli_monterey.jpg Cauliflower: Brassica oleracea botrytis QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://green-acres.org/images/products/cauliflower.jpg Brassica oleracea capitata ‘King Slaw’ QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. ‘Earliana’ cultivar names in home language and in single quotes ‘Two Seasons Hybrid’ QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. ‘Salad Delight’ http://www.burpee.com/jump.jsp?itemID=219&itemType=CATEGORY&iMainCat=13&iSubCat=219 How many species are there? What is a species? Animal species concept… if offspring are fertile then same species… does not apply among species of other kingdoms: Prokaryotes (no sex) Algae (sex sometimes unknown) Allopolyploidy in plants Lumpers Shifting Kingdoms Splitters 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Extant How Long Ago? Land! Plants Multicellular 0.5 1 cyanobacterial endosymbiosis Extinct First Eukaryotes 2 Cyanobacterial Oxygen 3 Origin of Life Original Cell 4 BYBP The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade) •Eukaryotic flagella •Chloroplast: double bounding membrane •Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks •Chlorophyll a and b •Starch for storage •RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus •rRNA sequence unique to clade The Plant Kingdom Clade unique flagellum, phycoplast open spindle, phragmoplast -eyespot oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata embryo, cuticle, apical growth protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores Chlorophyta—green algae Hepaticophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses stomata true vascular, branching heterospory true root, true leaf Lycophyta—club mosses Sphenophyta—horsetails monopodial branching heterospory heterospory pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds Pterophyta—ferns Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo -flagella Coniferophyta—conifers vessels reduced gametophyte flowers, fruits Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc. Anthophyta—flowering plants The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae Chlorophyta—green algae Streptobionta Hepaticophyta—liverworts Embryophytes Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Stomatophytes Bryophyta—mosses Polysporangiates Tracheophytes heterospory Euphyllophytina Lycophyta—club mosses Sphenophyta—horsetails Pterophyta—ferns Ligniophytina Spermatophytes Gymnosperms Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Coniferophyta—conifers Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc. Angiosperms Anthophyta—flowering plants Why Study Plants? Ancient Earth with Continents Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules Ancient Atmosphere with Weather N2 - Nitrogen H2O - Water Vapor CO2 - Carbon Dioxide CO - Carbon Monoxide CH4 - Methane Gas NH3 - Ammonia Gas H2 - Hydrogen Gas H2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Notice one gas is missing…O2 - Oxygen Gas Anaerobic! A Timeline for Planet Earth First Algae 0.003 bybp Eukaryote Inverts Australopithecus 0.5 bybp 1.5 28 kybp Now Homo Photosynthesis Dinosaurs sapiens By Cyanobacteria Earth First Formed 3.5 Life 2.5 4.5 CO2 CH2O O2 + + H2O carbon dioxide water chlorophyll oxygen carbohydrate Aerobic Atmosphere Allows Our Kind of Life FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red color Atmosphere converts UV to Blue sky! Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… light CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O chlorophyll 1. Oxygen 2. Ozone • • • • UVC light UVB light 3 O2 2 O3 3 O2 <200nm 200-320nm oxygen ozone oxygen The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light. The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen! UVA (320-400nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging. You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses! Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… light CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O chlorophyll 1. Oxygen 8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms 2. Ozone 9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics 3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat! 10. Flavors, Fragrances 4. Wood - Paper - Rayon 11. Decoration - Landscaping 5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp 12. Occupations - Advancement 6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4 Plastics, Drugs, Electricity 7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… light CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O chlorophyll 1. Oxygen 8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms 2. Ozone 9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics 3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat! 10. Flavors, Fragrances 4. Wood - Paper - Rayon 11. Decoration - Landscaping 5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp 12. Occupations - Advancement 6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4 13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas Plastics, Drugs, Electricity 14. Drain Wet Soils 7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic 15. Provide Shade Why Study Plants? Plants are sources of… •Oxygen •Medicines •Ozone •Latex •Food •Resins •Wood and Paper •Decoration •Fossil Fuel •Occupations •Fiber •Carbon dioxide sink •Flavors and Fragrances •Shade