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Bird Fatalities in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Sacramento, CA 28 January 2004 Acknowledgements ● This research was funded by the California Energy Commission (Linda Spiegel, Project Manager) and by NREL, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, (Karin Sinclair, Project Manager). ● Access to turbines and logistical support was generously provided by FORAS, EnXco, Altamont Wind Power, Green Ridge Services/AIC, and SeaWest. Background to the Problem ● Small-scale wind program in the APWRA in early to mid 1970s. ● In 1980, a CEC biologist identified bird kill problem in APWRA. ● Paper presented by CEC at 1988 AWEA annual meeting drew attention. ● By 1990, several studies initiated; 3,000+ turbines installed by then. ● Early 1990s, Kenetech convenes Avian Research Task Force Several largescale research projects initiated. 1993 bankruptcy forces cessation of studies. No solutions to problem identified. ● 1989 to mid-1990s, Orloff and Flannery conducted first in-depth studies of bird fatalities in the APWRA. Funded by the CEC. ● From 1994-97, NREL funded large-scale golden eagle study by Dr. Grainger Hunt et al. CEC funded continuation until 2002. ● In 1998, NREL funded BRC/Thelander for fatalities and behavior research. In 2001, the CEC funded the current, expanded effort. Our Objectives ● Study relationships between bird behaviors (e.g., flight, perching, foraging) and fatalities. ● Quantify bird fatalities to better understand the scope of the problem, and to develop a large sample size representative of most of the APWRA. ● Develop quantitative model for use as a tool by the wind industry to help reduce bird fatalities. Model to be based on relationships identified between bird kills and landscape features and topography, land use practices, raptor prey species numbers and distribution, turbine types and infrastructure configurations, or any other factors that appear associated with bird fatalities. 5 4 Wind Speed Beaufort Scale, mean & 95% CI per session 3 2 1 N = 111 185 180 166 127 183 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 197 Jul 167 158 161 Aug Sep Oct 141 181 Nov Dec 1.0 0.8 Proportion of turbines operating during behavior observation sessions 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 N= 105 Jan 174 163 147 Feb Mar Apr 104 151 May Jun 153 128 138 144 136 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 171 Dec 1.0 0.8 Proportion of turbines operating during behavior observation session 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 N= 34 321 355 362 305 178 112 47 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind Speed (Beaufort Scale) Meters 100 80 Distance of raptors to nearest turbine Mean & 95% CI per session 60 40 It appears that raptors can perceive the difference between operating and non-operating turbines. 20 0 N= 34 839 839 782 674 334 197 69 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wind speed on Beaufort scale Summary Behavior Statistics ● (1998-2000 data only) 1,958 behavioral observation sessions (two-person team) ● 48,396 bird sightings ● Birds observed in 91% of sessions ● 31,317 minutes of bird activity ● 13,725 minutes spent flying (44%) ● 17,592 minutes spent perching (56%) ● 25,960 minutes of raptor activity ● 11,988 minutes raptors spent flying (46%) ● 13,972 minutes raptors spent perching (54%) 120 Red-tailed hawk 110 100 Rock dove 90 80 Number of fatalities found in behavior plots only 70 Western meadowlark Burrowing owl 60 50 40 30 There is no significant relationship between fatalities and observations of flights <50m from turbines. 20 10 0 0 Burrowing owls tended to perch away from turbines. 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of flights within 50 m of turbines within the height domain of the rotor swept area Perching on Wind Turbines Species Number of minutes observed perching on wind turbine/tower that is: Operating Not operating Broken Total Turkey vulture 0 0 0 0 Golden eagle 0 26 0 26 Red-tailed hawk 105 4065 62 4232 Northern harrier 0 1 0 1 Prairie falcon 0 14 0 14 American kestrel 55 940 7 1002 Burrowing owl 0 56 0 56 Common raven 63 990 9 1062 European starling 240 1196 441 1877 House finch 0 7295 0 7295 Loggerhead shrike 4 181 0 185 Rock dove 26 57 26 109 Western meadowlark 7 224 0 231 Horned lark 0 0 0 0 500 19571 623 20694 Total Proximity Zone based on distance to nearest turbine (m) 0-50 51-100 101-300 0-50 51-100 101-300 0-50 51-100 101-300 0-50 51-100 101-300 0-50 51-100 101-300 0-50 51-100 101-300 Golden eagle Some species spend far more time than expected by chance close to turbines. Red-tailed hawk Northern harrier Prairie falcon American kestrel Burrowing owl 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight 11 12 13 Search Methods Steep terrain One observer per side of turbine string 50 meters wind turbine Level terrain One observer per side of turbine string 50 meters Some Bird Fatality Facts ● ● ● ● 1,526 turbines in 182 strings sampled March 1998-Sept 2002 (= Set 1) 2,538 turbines in 308 strings sampled November 2002 – May 2003 (= Set 2) Averaged 7+ fatality searches per year per turbine/string Searched only 50 meters on each side of turbines (i.e., applied detection factor) ● 1,161 fatalities found, with 198 of these estimated at >90 days old and excluded from rate calculations (see Table 1 handout). ● 46+ bird species and 1 bat species represented. APWRA-wide annual fatality estimates1 for selected species (see Table 2 handout): ● Golden Eagles = 76 – 116 deaths per year ● Red-tailed Hawks = 209 – 300 deaths per year ● Burrowing Owls = 99 – 380 deaths per year ● All birds = 1766 – 4721 deaths per year ● Raptors = 881 – 1300 deaths per year 1 Low values adjusted for search detection. High values adjusted for search detection and scavenging. What do the number of bird fatalities and their distribution tell us about the underlying causes, and any possible solutions? Cattle spend a disproportionate amount of their time under wind turbines. Grasshoppers are a major food source for American kestrels and burrowing owls during much of the year (late summer and fall, mainly). They eat cow dung. BRC biologists found the stomachs of freshly killed red-tailed hawks filled with grasshoppers. Construction and maintenance practices at turbines has resulted in disproportionate numbers of burrowing mammals being present near turbines than away from turbines. Wind farms create a lot of lateral and vertical edge, preferred habitat for gophers and other burrowing mammals. Turbine pads provide suitable burrowing sites for cottontails, a preferred prey species for golden eagles and other large raptors. Rock Piles Near Turbine Strings and Fatalities P < 0.005 0.10 > P > 0.05 Golden eagle None 13 Burrowing owl ≤0.25 rock piles/turbine >0.25rock piles/turbine 4 P < 0.005 Red-tailed hawk None 77 Barn owl 39 None ≤0.25/turbine 6 >0.25/turbine 14 P < 0.005 None 13 ≤0.25/turbine 23 ≤0.25/turbine 9 >0.25/turbine 17 >0.25/turbine 4 American kestrel ns P < 0.05 ≤0.25/turbine 6 Great None horned owl ≤0.25/turbine >0.25/turbine 1 >0.25/turbine None 12 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 5 2 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities Turbine Position in String and Behaviors Orange refers to inadequate sample size. End Interior Gap Non-op End Interior Gap Non-op End Interior Gap Non-op End Interior Gap Non-op End Interior Gap Non-op End Interior Gap Non-op Golden eagle Most raptors spent disproportionate amount of flight time near ends of turbines and near gaps, except for burrowing owls. Red-tailed hawk Northern harrier Prairie falcon American kestrel Burrowing owl 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight that came to within 50 m of turbine Turbine Position in String and Fatalities P < 0.005 0.10 > P > 0.05 Golden eagle Interior 8 Burrowing owl Interior 25 7 Gap 3 Gap 29 End 8 End ns ns 38 End Red-tailed hawk Interior 76 17 Gap 10 End Barn owl 18 Interior 4 Gap ns ns 8 End American kestrel Interior 18 4 Gap 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3 End Great horned Interior owl 8 1 Gap 0 0.5 Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities 1.0 1.5 2.0 Windwall Presence/Absence and Behaviors Yes No Golden eagle Yes ns Yes No No Red-tailed hawk Golden eagle Yes Yes Red-tailed hawk No No Northern harrier Yes 0.10 > P > 0.05 No ns Yes Prairie falcon No Prairie falcon ns Yes Yes American kestrel No No American kestrel Yes Yes Burrowing owl No No Burrowing owl 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight that came to within 50 m of turbine 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Perching on turbine Tower Type and Fatalities P < 0.005 P < 0.005 Vertical axis 10 Vertical axis Golden eagle Tubular 15 Lattice 4 Burrowing Tubular owl 36 16 Lattice ns P < 0.05 Vertical axis 3 Red-tailed hawk Tubular 68 Lattice 60 Barn owl 3 Vertical axis Tubular 17 Lattice 13 ns Vertical axis ns Vertical axis 1 American kestrel Tubular 11 Lattice 18 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Great horned owl Tubular 3 Lattice 9 0 0.5 1.0 Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities 1.5 2.0 2.5 Canyon Effect and Fatalities ns P < 0.005 Golden eagle Out of canyon 47 In canyon 15 8 Out of canyon Burrowing owl 11 In canyon P < 0.005 Red-tailed hawk P < 0.005 Out of canyon 94 In canyon 37 Barn owl Out of canyon 18 In canyon 15 ns American kestrel Out of canyon In canyon 26 4 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 ns Out of canyon 11 Great horned In canyon owl 1 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities Rodent Control and Fatalities P < 0.005 P < 0.005 3 None Golden eagle Moderate 14 Burrowing owl Moderate 2 Intense 10 None 36 16 Intense ns 0.10 > P > 0.05 None 17 None Red-tailed hawk Moderate 58 Barn owl 56 Intense Moderate 18 Intense 15 0.10 > P > 0.05 ns 4 None American kestrel Moderate 9 17 Intense 0 Note: used since 1997, except at SeaWest 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Great horned owl None 5 Moderate 1 Intense 6 0 0.5 1.0 Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities 1.5 2.0 2.5 Rodent Control Program Observations ● In the absence of a rigorous BACI study design, conclusions as to the effectiveness of rodent control efforts cannot be made. But…. 1 Since rodent control began, we would expect to see disproportionately greater raptor mortality in areas where no rodent control was applied. This was not the case, except for great horned owls. 2 Disproportionately more golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, and burrowing owls were killed at turbines located where rodent control was applied. 3 The rodent control program effectively reduced ground squirrel densities, but pocket gophers increased. Also, the degree of clustering of pocket gophers at turbines increased substantially with rodent control. We believe that foraging raptors will detect areas of increased burrowing activity, and thus be attracted to high risk areas. ● Based on these and other observations, we suspect that the rodent control program has been counter-productive. 0.3 Bird and Raptor risk index Bird use has been lower in recent year than was reported in previous studies. Therefore, risk per raptor using the APWRA appears to be greater. Raptors 0.2 (Mortality ÷ # individuals reported/hour) 0.1 All birds 0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year of Estimate (median year used for multi-annual studies) 2002 Some Key Observations ● Fatality associations are usually species-specific, so solutions for one species might not serve as solutions for others. ● Danger increased with taller towers, larger rotor diameters, and slow to intermediate tip speeds. Turbines with lower blade reaches were most deadly to golden eagles. ● Perch availability on towers appears less important than previously believed. ● Turbines on steeper slopes and in canyons were generally more dangerous to raptors, but ridge crests and peaks within canyons were also dangerous. ● The presence of rock piles near turbine laydown areas is associated with greater raptor mortality. Con’t. ● Windwalls appeared to be relatively safer for raptors; Raptors were killed disproportionately by turbines that were less crowded by other turbines. ● Although rodent control reduced rodent numbers overall, it also increased the degree of clustering around turbines of remaining pocket gophers and desert cottontails ● Rodent control failed to reduce raptor mortality. The spatial distribution of fossorial animal burrows appeared more important than their abundance in associating with raptor mortality at wind turbines. ● Raptor mortality differs by season. Summer and winter seasons have highest mortality. Suggested Mitigation Measures or Operating Practices ● Discontinue the rodent control program. ● Promote small mammals away from wind turbines, and discourage them near wind turbines by reducing lateral and vertical edges. ● Allow vegetation to grow tall near wind turbines so that small mammals are less visible to raptors near turbines; Subsequently, burrowing owls might reside farther from turbines. ● Prevent cattle from congregating at wind turbines. ● Move rock piles away wind turbines, or get rid of them. ● Relocate existing wind turbines away from canyons, or decommission them. ● Isolated wind turbines should be relocated and clustered up with groups of other wind turbines. Con’t. ● Use more windwall configurations and clustering of turbines. ● Remove derelict and non-operating turbines, or lay down derelict towers. ● Test the Hodos painting scheme in the field. Apply selectively if useful tool. Modify wind turbines at the ‘edge’ of the wind farm and at the ends of turbine rows to divert bird flights. Useful application for Hodos painting scheme, if proven effective. ● ● Erect benign physical structures to divert birds away from the ends of turbine rows, and/or experiment with strategically placed raptor perches. ● Retrofit all power poles to be raptor-safe (APLIC compliance standards). ● Replace the currently used WRRS monitoring program for bird fatalities with one that is more scientifically rigorous and is performed independently. ● Compensate with off-site mitigation those impacts that cannot be avoided or reduced. Where Do We Go From Here? 1- BRC to submit report of findings to CEC in Feb 2004. BRC’s NREL comprehensive report currently under review. 2- Prioritize and select ‘best’ fatality reduction techniques for field-testing and monitoring. BRC/CEC prepare initial draft Work Plan for agency and operator’s review(?) 3- Design controlled experiments to test effectiveness of various measures at reducing fatalities using BACI approach. 4- Decide which species to focus mitigation and/or experiments on. 5- Report on effectiveness experiments and consider widespread application on case-by-case basis. 6- Design and conduct controlled experiment(s) to determine the effects of the repowering program on bird mortality. 7- Need to use number of kills per MW per turbine per unit of time in future mortality calculations, experiments, etc., and not simply number of fatalities/turbine/year. Requires output data from turbine operators. BRC describes benefits of this metric at length in upcoming report and paper. What Are Some Examples of Needed Experiments or Monitoring? 1- Design monitoring program to compare any changes in bird mortality, especially for raptors, associated with the repowering program at sites with historical fatality data. 2- Design treatment/control experiment to evaluate effectiveness of placing benign structures (several types, settings?) at the ends of turbine strings where kill rates have historically been high. 3- Design treatment/control experiment to evaluate effectiveness of modifying grassland management practices to reduce prey populations, or their visibility/vulnerability to raptor predation. 4- Design experiment to test the effect on raptor mortality of various (nonlethal) manipulations of prey population distributions and abundances at varying distances from turbines strings with historically high raptor mortality, e.g., increase prey populations away from turbines. More examples… 5- Field test the effectiveness of the Hodos et al painting scheme as a tool to reduce fatalities in a location and setting that takes advantage of historical fatality data. 6- Remove rock piles and monitor for changes in bird mortality. 7- Design some control and treatment experiments excluding cattle from congregating at turbine strings and document the effects on prey availability, bird use, and fatalities. 8- Conduct a two-year study of burrowing owl population dynamics in the APWRA, and the effects of wind turbine fatalities. 9- Experiment with various environmentally-safe means of selectively and permanently removing raptor prey species from around turbine strings. ##### ##### #### ##### ## ####### ## ## ## ######## ##### ## ## ############ ##### ## ## ## ######## #### ## ##### ########## ### # # ########### ## ## ## #### #### # # # # ##### # # # # ###### ### ## # # # # ### ### ## ##### # # # # # ##### # # ### # # ######## ##### # ####### ## # # ######### ### ######### # ## 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## ## ### ### ##### #### ## ### ## ## ## # # # ## # # # # # # #### #### ## ## # #### #### ## 2003a llturbines_brc_ and_granger.shp ######### ## ## ### ### ## ### #### # ##### ## # ###### ##### # # # # # # # # ## ### ##### #### # # ## ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # 2 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # #### # ## # ### ## # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # ### # ## ## # ######## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # ## # # ### ## # # ## ## ### # # ###### ##### ## ### ## ## ## ## # # ## ### # # # # # ### ## ## ## ## # # # ## ### # ######## # # # # 0 # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # #### # # # # ### ## ### ## ## # # # # #### ## ## # # #### ### ##### ## ###### # ## ###### # # ## ## # # ### ###### # # ##### ## # ## # ## ## # ## # ## # # ## #### # # # ## ###### # ## ## # ### # # ### ## # # # # ## ## # # # ## # # ## ## # ### # # # # ## # # # # # ## # ## # ### ## # # ## # # #### # ###### # ## ## ## # # # ## ## ## ######## #### #### # ### ### ### # Red-tailed Hawk Mortality N # # # ≥1 death/MW/year 0.01-0.99 deaths/MW/year 0 deaths recorded 3 0 3 6 Miles ##### ### ###### ### ##### ## 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# # # # ### #### ## # ## # # # ##### # # # # # # # ## # ######## ## ## ## ### ##### # ##### # ## # #### # 2 ##### ### # #### ####### ##### ## ### ## ## ## ### # # # ## ## ## # # #### # # # # # # # # ## ## # # ############ #### ## # ## # ### ##### ## # ### # ## ##### # # #### ## # ## ## ## # ##### # # ## ### # # 1 # # #### # ## # ## ## # ## # ## ### ######### ### ##### # # ### ####### # ##### # ####### # ###### # ## ### ## ###### ######## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # ## # ## ######## # 0 # # ## # # ### # ### ## ## ###### ## # ## ### ## ## # #### ##### ## # # # ### ## # # ## # #### ### #### # # ##### ## ## ####### ######## # # # ## ### 2003a llturbines_brc_ and_granger.shp # ## # ##### # ### ## ### ### # ## ## ## ## # ## #### ## #### # ### # # ##### # # # # # # # ###### # # # # # # # # ######## # # # # ## ## ## ### # # #### ## ## ## #### ## #### # ### #### ## # ## # 2 ## # # # # # # # # # #### ### #### #### ### # ## ##### ## ### #### ## #### # ### ## #### ### # #### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 #### ## ## # # ##### # ## # # # # # ## ## # # ### # # ### #### ## ## # ## #### ## ###### ## # # # # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ### ###### #### # ##### ## # # ## # # # ## ## ## # #### ###### # # ### # # ##### #### ## # # # # # # # # # #### ## ### #### ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## ### #### # ## # ### # # ### # # # ## ## ## ##### # ## # # ## # ## # ### # # ## # # # ###### # # # # # # # ## # #### # ### ###### ## ## # # # # # ## # ## # ## ## ##### ## # #### # ### # ## ### ######## ## # ### ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # ## # # ## # ### # # # # ## # # ## #### # ### ## # # # # #### ## ### ##### ### ## ## # # ## # # ## # ### ###### ## #### #### ### # ### ## ## Golden Eagle Mortality N # # # ≥1 death/MW/year 0.01-0.99 deaths/MW/year 0 deaths recorded 3 0 3 6 Miles