Download Slide 1

Bird Fatalities in the Altamont Pass
Wind Resource Area
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Sacramento, CA
28 January 2004
Acknowledgements
● This research was funded by the California Energy Commission
(Linda Spiegel, Project Manager) and by NREL, the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, (Karin Sinclair, Project Manager).
● Access to turbines and logistical support was generously provided by
FORAS, EnXco, Altamont Wind Power, Green Ridge Services/AIC, and
SeaWest.
Background to the Problem
● Small-scale wind program in the APWRA in early to mid 1970s.
● In 1980, a CEC biologist identified bird kill problem in APWRA.
● Paper presented by CEC at 1988 AWEA annual meeting drew attention.
● By 1990, several studies initiated; 3,000+ turbines installed by then.
● Early 1990s, Kenetech convenes Avian Research Task Force Several largescale research projects initiated. 1993 bankruptcy forces cessation of
studies. No solutions to problem identified.
● 1989 to mid-1990s, Orloff and Flannery conducted first in-depth studies of
bird fatalities in the APWRA. Funded by the CEC.
● From 1994-97, NREL funded large-scale golden eagle study by Dr. Grainger
Hunt et al. CEC funded continuation until 2002.
● In 1998, NREL funded BRC/Thelander for fatalities and behavior research. In
2001, the CEC funded the current, expanded effort.
Our Objectives
● Study relationships between bird behaviors (e.g., flight, perching,
foraging) and fatalities.
● Quantify bird fatalities to better understand the scope of the problem,
and to develop a large sample size representative of most of the
APWRA.
● Develop quantitative model for use as a tool by the wind industry to
help reduce bird fatalities. Model to be based on relationships identified
between bird kills and landscape features and topography, land use
practices, raptor prey species numbers and distribution, turbine types
and infrastructure configurations, or any other factors that appear
associated with bird fatalities.
5
4
Wind Speed
Beaufort Scale,
mean & 95% CI
per session
3
2
1
N = 111
185
180
166
127
183
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
197
Jul
167
158
161
Aug Sep Oct
141
181
Nov Dec
1.0
0.8
Proportion of
turbines
operating
during
behavior
observation
sessions
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
N=
105
Jan
174
163
147
Feb
Mar
Apr
104
151
May Jun
153
128
138
144
136
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
171
Dec
1.0
0.8
Proportion
of turbines
operating during
behavior
observation
session
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
N=
34
321
355
362
305
178
112
47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Wind Speed (Beaufort Scale)
Meters
100
80
Distance
of raptors
to nearest
turbine
Mean & 95% CI
per session
60
40
It appears that raptors can perceive the difference
between operating and non-operating turbines.
20
0
N=
34
839
839
782
674
334
197
69
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Wind speed on Beaufort scale
Summary Behavior Statistics
●
(1998-2000 data only)
1,958 behavioral observation sessions (two-person team)
●
48,396 bird sightings
●
Birds observed in 91% of sessions
●
31,317 minutes of bird activity
●
13,725 minutes spent flying (44%)
●
17,592 minutes spent perching (56%)
●
25,960 minutes of raptor activity
●
11,988 minutes raptors spent flying (46%)
●
13,972 minutes raptors spent perching (54%)
120
Red-tailed hawk
110
100
Rock dove
90
80
Number of fatalities
found in behavior
plots only
70
Western meadowlark
Burrowing owl
60
50
40
30
There is no significant
relationship between
fatalities and observations of
flights <50m from turbines.
20
10
0
0
Burrowing owls tended to
perch away from turbines.
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage of flights within 50 m of turbines
within the height domain of the rotor swept area
Perching on Wind Turbines
Species
Number of minutes observed perching on
wind turbine/tower that is:
Operating
Not operating
Broken
Total
Turkey vulture
0
0
0
0
Golden eagle
0
26
0
26
Red-tailed hawk
105
4065
62
4232
Northern harrier
0
1
0
1
Prairie falcon
0
14
0
14
American kestrel
55
940
7
1002
Burrowing owl
0
56
0
56
Common raven
63
990
9
1062
European starling
240
1196
441
1877
House finch
0
7295
0
7295
Loggerhead shrike
4
181
0
185
Rock dove
26
57
26
109
Western meadowlark
7
224
0
231
Horned lark
0
0
0
0
500
19571
623
20694
Total
Proximity Zone based on distance to nearest turbine (m)
0-50
51-100
101-300
0-50
51-100
101-300
0-50
51-100
101-300
0-50
51-100
101-300
0-50
51-100
101-300
0-50
51-100
101-300
Golden eagle
Some species
spend far more
time than expected
by chance close to
turbines.
Red-tailed hawk
Northern harrier
Prairie falcon
American kestrel
Burrowing owl
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight
11
12
13
Search Methods
Steep terrain
One observer per side of turbine string
50 meters
wind turbine
Level terrain
One observer per side of turbine string
50 meters
Some Bird Fatality Facts
●
●
●
●
1,526 turbines in 182 strings sampled March 1998-Sept 2002 (= Set 1)
2,538 turbines in 308 strings sampled November 2002 – May 2003 (= Set 2)
Averaged 7+ fatality searches per year per turbine/string
Searched only 50 meters on each side of turbines (i.e., applied detection factor)
● 1,161 fatalities found, with 198 of these estimated at >90 days old and excluded
from rate calculations (see Table 1 handout).
● 46+ bird species and 1 bat species represented.
APWRA-wide annual fatality estimates1 for selected species (see Table 2 handout):
● Golden Eagles =
76 – 116 deaths per year
● Red-tailed Hawks =
209 – 300 deaths per year
● Burrowing Owls =
99 – 380 deaths per year
● All birds =
1766 – 4721 deaths per year
● Raptors =
881 – 1300 deaths per year
1
Low values adjusted for search detection. High values adjusted for search detection and scavenging.
What do the number of bird fatalities and their
distribution tell us about the underlying
causes, and any possible solutions?
Cattle spend a disproportionate amount of
their time under wind turbines.
Grasshoppers are a major
food source for American
kestrels and burrowing owls
during much of the year
(late summer and fall,
mainly). They eat cow
dung.
BRC biologists found the stomachs
of freshly killed red-tailed hawks filled
with grasshoppers.
Construction and maintenance practices at
turbines has resulted in disproportionate
numbers of burrowing mammals being
present near turbines than away from
turbines.
Wind farms create a lot of lateral and
vertical edge, preferred habitat for gophers
and other burrowing mammals.
Turbine pads provide suitable burrowing
sites for cottontails, a preferred prey species
for golden eagles and other large raptors.
Rock Piles Near Turbine Strings and Fatalities
P < 0.005
0.10 > P > 0.05
Golden
eagle
None
13
Burrowing
owl
≤0.25 rock piles/turbine
>0.25rock piles/turbine
4
P < 0.005
Red-tailed
hawk
None
77
Barn
owl
39
None
≤0.25/turbine
6
>0.25/turbine
14
P < 0.005
None
13
≤0.25/turbine
23
≤0.25/turbine
9
>0.25/turbine
17
>0.25/turbine
4
American
kestrel
ns
P < 0.05
≤0.25/turbine
6
Great
None
horned
owl ≤0.25/turbine
>0.25/turbine
1
>0.25/turbine
None
12
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
5
2
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities
Turbine Position
in String and
Behaviors
Orange refers to
inadequate sample size.
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
End
Interior
Gap
Non-op
Golden eagle
Most raptors spent
disproportionate
amount of flight time
near ends of turbines
and near gaps,
except for burrowing
owls.
Red-tailed hawk
Northern harrier
Prairie falcon
American kestrel
Burrowing owl
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight
that came to within 50 m of turbine
Turbine Position in String and Fatalities
P < 0.005
0.10 > P > 0.05
Golden
eagle Interior
8
Burrowing
owl
Interior
25
7
Gap
3
Gap
29
End
8
End
ns
ns
38
End
Red-tailed
hawk Interior
76
17
Gap
10
End
Barn
owl
18
Interior
4
Gap
ns
ns
8
End
American
kestrel Interior
18
4
Gap
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3
End
Great
horned Interior
owl
8
1
Gap
0
0.5
Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities
1.0
1.5
2.0
Windwall Presence/Absence and Behaviors
Yes
No
Golden eagle
Yes
ns
Yes
No
No
Red-tailed hawk
Golden eagle
Yes
Yes
Red-tailed hawk
No
No
Northern harrier
Yes
0.10 > P > 0.05
No
ns
Yes
Prairie falcon
No
Prairie falcon
ns
Yes
Yes
American kestrel
No
No
American kestrel
Yes
Yes
Burrowing owl
No
No
Burrowing owl
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Flight
that came to within 50 m of turbine
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Observed ÷ Expected Minutes of Perching
on turbine
Tower Type and Fatalities
P < 0.005
P < 0.005
Vertical
axis
10
Vertical
axis
Golden
eagle Tubular
15
Lattice
4
Burrowing
Tubular
owl
36
16
Lattice
ns
P < 0.05
Vertical
axis
3
Red-tailed
hawk Tubular
68
Lattice
60
Barn
owl
3
Vertical
axis
Tubular
17
Lattice
13
ns
Vertical
axis
ns
Vertical
axis
1
American
kestrel Tubular
11
Lattice
18
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Great
horned
owl
Tubular
3
Lattice
9
0
0.5
1.0
Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities
1.5
2.0
2.5
Canyon Effect and Fatalities
ns
P < 0.005
Golden
eagle
Out of
canyon
47
In canyon
15
8
Out of
canyon
Burrowing
owl
11
In canyon
P < 0.005
Red-tailed
hawk
P < 0.005
Out of
canyon
94
In canyon
37
Barn
owl
Out of
canyon
18
In canyon
15
ns
American
kestrel
Out of
canyon
In canyon
26
4
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
ns
Out of
canyon
11
Great
horned
In canyon
owl
1
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities
Rodent Control and Fatalities
P < 0.005
P < 0.005
3
None
Golden
eagle Moderate
14
Burrowing
owl
Moderate
2
Intense
10
None
36
16
Intense
ns
0.10 > P > 0.05
None
17
None
Red-tailed
hawk Moderate
58
Barn
owl
56
Intense
Moderate
18
Intense
15
0.10 > P > 0.05
ns
4
None
American
kestrel Moderate
9
17
Intense
0
Note: used since 1997,
except at SeaWest
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Great
horned
owl
None
5
Moderate
1
Intense
6
0
0.5
1.0
Observed ÷ Expected Number of Fatalities
1.5
2.0
2.5
Rodent Control Program Observations
● In the absence of a rigorous BACI study design, conclusions as to the
effectiveness of rodent control efforts cannot be made. But….
1 Since rodent control began, we would expect to see disproportionately greater
raptor mortality in areas where no rodent control was applied. This was not the
case, except for great horned owls.
2 Disproportionately more golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, and burrowing owls
were killed at turbines located where rodent control was applied.
3 The rodent control program effectively reduced ground squirrel densities, but
pocket gophers increased. Also, the degree of clustering of pocket gophers at
turbines increased substantially with rodent control. We believe that foraging
raptors will detect areas of increased burrowing activity, and thus be attracted
to high risk areas.
● Based on these and other observations, we suspect that the rodent
control program has been counter-productive.
0.3
Bird
and
Raptor
risk index
Bird use has been lower in recent year than
was reported in previous studies.
Therefore, risk per raptor using the APWRA
appears to be greater.
Raptors
0.2
(Mortality ÷ #
individuals
reported/hour)
0.1
All birds
0.0
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Year of Estimate (median year used for multi-annual studies)
2002
Some Key Observations
●
Fatality associations are usually species-specific, so solutions for
one species might not serve as solutions for others.
●
Danger increased with taller towers, larger rotor diameters, and slow to
intermediate tip speeds. Turbines with lower blade reaches were most
deadly to golden eagles.
●
Perch availability on towers appears less important than previously
believed.
●
Turbines on steeper slopes and in canyons were generally more
dangerous to raptors, but ridge crests and peaks within canyons
were also dangerous.
●
The presence of rock piles near turbine laydown areas is associated
with greater raptor mortality.
Con’t.
●
Windwalls appeared to be relatively safer for raptors; Raptors were
killed disproportionately by turbines that were less crowded by other
turbines.
●
Although rodent control reduced rodent numbers overall, it also
increased the degree of clustering around turbines of remaining
pocket gophers and desert cottontails
●
Rodent control failed to reduce raptor mortality. The spatial
distribution of fossorial animal burrows appeared more important than
their abundance in associating with raptor mortality at wind turbines.
●
Raptor mortality differs by season. Summer and winter seasons
have highest mortality.
Suggested Mitigation Measures or Operating Practices
●
Discontinue the rodent control program.
●
Promote small mammals away from wind turbines, and discourage
them near wind turbines by reducing lateral and vertical edges.
●
Allow vegetation to grow tall near wind turbines so that small mammals
are less visible to raptors near turbines; Subsequently, burrowing owls
might reside farther from turbines.
●
Prevent cattle from congregating at wind turbines.
●
Move rock piles away wind turbines, or get rid of them.
●
Relocate existing wind turbines away from canyons, or decommission
them.
●
Isolated wind turbines should be relocated and clustered up with
groups of other wind turbines.
Con’t.
●
Use more windwall configurations and clustering of turbines.
●
Remove derelict and non-operating turbines, or lay down derelict towers.
●
Test the Hodos painting scheme in the field. Apply selectively if useful tool.
Modify wind turbines at the ‘edge’ of the wind farm and at the ends of
turbine rows to divert bird flights. Useful application for Hodos painting
scheme, if proven effective.
●
●
Erect benign physical structures to divert birds away from the ends of
turbine rows, and/or experiment with strategically placed raptor perches.
●
Retrofit all power poles to be raptor-safe (APLIC compliance standards).
●
Replace the currently used WRRS monitoring program for bird fatalities
with one that is more scientifically rigorous and is performed independently.
●
Compensate with off-site mitigation those impacts that cannot be avoided or
reduced.
Where Do We Go From Here?
1- BRC to submit report of findings to CEC in Feb 2004. BRC’s NREL
comprehensive report currently under review.
2- Prioritize and select ‘best’ fatality reduction techniques for field-testing
and monitoring. BRC/CEC prepare initial draft Work Plan for agency
and operator’s review(?)
3- Design controlled experiments to test effectiveness of various
measures at reducing fatalities using BACI approach.
4- Decide which species to focus mitigation and/or experiments on.
5- Report on effectiveness experiments and consider widespread
application on case-by-case basis.
6- Design and conduct controlled experiment(s) to determine the effects
of the repowering program on bird mortality.
7- Need to use number of kills per MW per turbine per unit of time in future
mortality calculations, experiments, etc., and not simply number of
fatalities/turbine/year. Requires output data from turbine operators.
BRC describes benefits of this metric at length in upcoming report and
paper.
What Are Some Examples of Needed
Experiments or Monitoring?
1- Design monitoring program to compare any changes in bird mortality,
especially for raptors, associated with the repowering program at sites
with historical fatality data.
2- Design treatment/control experiment to evaluate effectiveness of
placing benign structures (several types, settings?) at the ends of
turbine strings where kill rates have historically been high.
3- Design treatment/control experiment to evaluate effectiveness of
modifying grassland management practices to reduce prey populations,
or their visibility/vulnerability to raptor predation.
4- Design experiment to test the effect on raptor mortality of various (nonlethal) manipulations of prey population distributions and abundances
at varying distances from turbines strings with historically high raptor
mortality, e.g., increase prey populations away from turbines.
More examples…
5- Field test the effectiveness of the Hodos et al painting scheme as a tool
to reduce fatalities in a location and setting that takes advantage of
historical fatality data.
6- Remove rock piles and monitor for changes in bird mortality.
7- Design some control and treatment experiments excluding cattle from
congregating at turbine strings and document the effects on prey
availability, bird use, and fatalities.
8- Conduct a two-year study of burrowing owl population dynamics in the
APWRA, and the effects of wind turbine fatalities.
9- Experiment with various environmentally-safe means of selectively and
permanently removing raptor prey species from around turbine strings.
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