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Objective 5: IPC
Physics
 (4A)
Calculate speed,
momentum, acceleration, work,
and power in systems such as in
the human body, moving toys
and machines.
A 1-kilogram ball has a
kinetic energy of 50
joules. The velocity of
the ball is —
F 5 m/s
G 10 m/s
H 25 m/s
J 50 m/s
Velocity equations:
d
v 
t
v f  vi
a 
t
p  mv
1
KE 
mv 2
2
4(A) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
mass
m
kg (kilogram)
time
t
s (second)
distance
x
m (meter)
speed or velocity
v
m/s
momentum
p
kg-m/s
acceleration
a
m/s2
work
W
J (Joules)
power
P
W (Watts)
A 0.50 kg ball with a speed of
4.0 m/s strikes a stationary
1.0 kg target. If momentum is
conserved, what is the total
momentum of the ball and
target after the collision?
A 0.0 kgm/s
B 0.5 kgm/s
C 1.0 kgm/s
D 2.0 kgm/s
THE LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM states
that:
Total momentum before
a collision
Equals
Total momentum after a
collision
What is the net force
exerted on a 90.0 kg
race-car driver while the
race car is accelerating
from 0 to 44.7 m/s in
4.50 s?
F 9.8 N
G 20 N
H 201 N
J 894 N
Use the formulas for a and
F to solve for F.
F  ma
a 
v f  vi
t
Starting from rest at the center of a skating rink, two skaters
push off from each other over a time period of 1.2 s. What is
the force of the push by the smaller skater?
F 16 N
G 32 N
H 88 N
J 100 N
 (4B)
Investigate and describe
applications of Newton’s laws
such as in vehicle restraints,
sports activities, geological
processes, and satellite orbits
A hockey player pushed a puck
toward the opposite side of a level
ice rink. The player expected the
puck to continue all the way across
the ice, but the puck slowed and
stopped before reaching the other
side. Which of these best explains
why the puck failed to slide all the
way to the opposite side?
F The puck’s temperature changed.
G An upward force acted on the
puck.
H The puck’s momentum remained
unchanged.
J An opposing force acted on the
puck.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia
An object at rest or in motion will
stay that way until a force acts
on it.
Law of Acceleration
An object will accelerate when a
force acts on it.
Law of Action and Reaction
For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
(4B) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
mass
m
kg (kilogram)
acceleration
a
m/s2
force
F
N (Newtons)
;
6 3 0
The pictures show how an air bag
functions in a collision. How much
momentum in kg m/s does the air
bag absorb from the crash-test
dummy if all of the crash-test
dummy’s momentum is absorbed by
the air bag? Record and bubble in
your answer to the nearest whole
number on the answer document.

A substance with a lower density
will float on a substance with a
higher density.
Dice = 0.897 g/mL
Dwater = 1.00 g/mL
Dalcohol = 0.802 g/mL
When the air is released from a
balloon, the air moves in one
direction, and the balloon
moves in another direction.
Which statement does this
situation best illustrate?
F What goes up must come
down.
G For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
H The shape and size of an
object affect air resistance.
J The acceleration due to
Earth’s gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
 (4D)
Investigate and
demonstrate [mechanical
advantage and] efficiency of
various machines such as
levers, motors, wheels and
axles, pulleys, and ramps.
The Six Simple Machines
(4D) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Wout
Eff 
Win
Fout d in
M . A. 

Fin d out
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
work
W
J (Joules)
mechanical advantage
M. A.
No unit
efficiency
eff
No unit
% efficiency
% eff
%
Which configuration of pulleys
and belts shown below will result
in the fastest rotation of Spindle
2?
SIMPLE MACHINES
The inclined plane
The wheel and axle
The lever
The pulley
The wedge
The screw
Which of these represents a properly balanced system?
Fulcrum:
point of
rotation
Moment
Arm:
distance
from
fulcrum
Equilibrium is achieved when:
Force X moment arm is equal at both sides of the fulcrum.
Which lever requires the least
effort to lift the load?
EFFORT = FORCE
If the load is closer to
the fulcrum than the
effort, you need less
effort to lift the load.
 (5B)
Demonstrate wave
interactions including
interference, polarization,
reflection, refraction, and
resonance within various
materials.
The diagram shows waves approaching a
barrier. Which pattern will be formed after
the waves pass through the opening in the
barrier?
(5B) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
1
f 
T
v  f
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
period
T
s (second)
frequency
f
Hz (Hertz)
wavelength

m (meters)
wavespeed
v
m/s
A guitar player is seated
next to a piano. The piano
player strikes an E key on
the piano. The guitarist
reports that this causes
the E string on his guitar
to vibrate. What is the
name of this
phenomenon?
A Polarization
B Resonance
C Reflection
D Diffraction
– wave hits a barrier
and returns to its origin (bounce)
Refraction – bending of light due
to a change in medium (bend)
Resonance – the tendency of a
system to vibrate when excited by
its resonant frequency (react)
Interference – when two or more
waves combine (meet)
Polarization –allows only a certain
orientation of a transverse wave
through (filter)
Reflection
When a DVD is read, laser light touches the DVD surface and
is then measured at location A. What allows light to return to
location A after striking the DVD surface?
F Conduction
G Refraction
H Magnification
J Reflection
An empty cup was tightly covered with plastic wrap, and a few
grains of salt were sprinkled on top of the plastic. When a
tuning fork was struck and placed slightly above the plastic
wrap, the salt began to move. Which characteristic of waves
does the movement of the salt best demonstrate?
A Echo formation
B Diffraction
C Resonance
D Specular reflection
 (6A)
Describe the law of
conservation of energy
What is the approximate
difference in gravitational
potential energy of the two
shaded boxes?
A 19 J
B 39 J
C 59 J
D 79 J
THE LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY states that:
The sum of all energies
is the same at any point
in the system.
GPE  mgh
g  9.8 m
s2
(6A) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
mass
m
kg (kilogram)
height
h
m (meter)
velocity
v
m/s
gravitational acceleration
g
m/s2
kinetic energy
KE
J (Joules)
gravitational potential energy
GPE
J (Joules)
Fuel cells powered by plankton from the
seabed can be used to operate
instruments that monitor ocean currents
and water temperature. These fuel cells
get their energy by converting —
F chemical energy to electrical energy
G electrical energy to mechanical energy
H hydroelectric energy to geothermal
energy
J mechanical energy to chemical energy
The temperature of the water
increases by 8°C when the metal
block is added. Which could cause
the temperature of the water to
increase by 10°C after the metal
block is added?
F Using 500 g of water
G Using a large beaker
H Adding more 20°C water
J Adding heat to the metal block
THE LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY also states
that:
Energy must be put
into a system to get
energy out of a
system.
According to the equation E = mc2, mass —
F travels at the speed of light
G can be transformed into energy
H contains light energy
J is doubled when exposed to light
 6D)
Investigate and compare
economic and environmental
impacts of using various energy
sources such as rechargeable or
disposable batteries and solar
cells.
Which of these is an advantage
of producing electricity using
solar power plants rather than
using coal-fired power plants?
A Solar power plants can
operate for about 10 hours per
day.
B Solar power plants can
produce variable amounts of
energy.
C Solar power plants produce
fewer pollutants.
D Solar power plants require
continuous sunlight.
Energy Sources








Fossil Fuels (coal, petroleum,
natural gas)
Wind Power
Wave/Tidal/Hydroelectric Power
Biomass (methane)
Hydrogen Fuel (Fuel Cells)
Solar Power
Geothermal Power
Nuclear Power
Which of these devices
uses the sun’s energy
directly?
A Windmill
B Hydroelectric dam
C Nuclear power plant
D Photovoltaic cell
“Photovoltaic" comes from
the Greek phos meaning
"light", and the name of
the Italian physicist Volta,
are named. It means
literally of light and
electricity.
A company has decided to market itself as
environmentally friendly. If the company is
going to sell calculators, the use of which
energy source would produce the fewest byproducts and the least waste?
F Rechargeable batteries
G Solar cells
H Dry-cell batteries
J Tesla coils
This picture shows a small
section of a solar power
plant. Which of these
decreases the energy
production at such power
plants?
F Cloudy skies
G Ozone in the air
H Hot weather
J Low humidity
 (6B)
Investigate and
demonstrate the movement of
heat through solids, liquids, and
gases by convection,
conduction and radiation.
The transfer of heat by the
 Conduction – transmission of
movement of air currents in
heat through matter (solid)
Earth’s atmosphere is an
example of —
 Convection – transmission of
A conduction
heat through currents
B convection
(fluids). Warm, low density
C radiation
fluid rises, cool, high density
D fusion
fluid sinks.

Radiation – emitting energy
as waves or particles. (No
medium required.)
(6B) QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Q  c p m T
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
mass
m
kg (kilogram)
specific heat
cp
J/kg-K (Joules per kilogram-Kelvin)
change in temperature
∆T
K (Kelvin)
heat gained or lost
Q
J (Joules)
In winter the air just above the
top bunk of a bunk bed is
warmer than the air just above
the bottom bunk because
warm air rises. Which of the
following describes the
method of heating that causes
this difference in
temperature?
F Radiation from the room
G Heat transfer through the
walls
H Convection currents in the
room
J Heat conduction through the
bed
Which of these is the best example of heat transfer
by radiation?
A A satellite is warmed by sunlight.
B Butter melts on warm bread.
C A ceiling fan cools a warm room.
D Puddles of water cool a warm tile floor.
A man who was sleeping wakes up because he
hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before
opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door
to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that
heat would be transferred through the door by —
A conduction
B convection
C radiation
D compression
THE END