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Figure App. 4.1 Atomic Structure… The MOST ABUNDANT ATOM, HYDROGEN, PLUS ITS ISOTOPES. SALT (SODIOUM CHLORIDE) MOST ABUNDANT SOLUTE IN OCEANS ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF WATER REAL OBSERVED ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS IN COPPER OXIDE EQUILIBRIA ARE KEY ELEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING NATURE… UNITS OF MEASURE CGS UNITS FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES: QUANTITY MEANS? UNITS USED(abbreviation) TEMPERATURE ...........HEAT CONTENT.............DEGREE KELVIN (K) MASS...................AMOUNT OF MATTER.........GRAMS (GM) TIME...................MEASURE OF DURATION......SECONDS (SEC) LENGTH.................LINEAR MEASURE...........CENTIMETER (CM) ELECTRIC CHARGE........CHARGE ON ELECTRON.......ELECTROSTATIC UNIT FROM THESE, WE CAN DERIVE MOST OTHER QUANTITIES: E.G. DERIVED UNITS AREA = LENGTH(1) TIMES LENGTH(2).....SCALAR SPEED = LENGTH PER UNIT TIME...CM PER SECOND = CM/SEC.....SCALAR VELOCITY = LENGTH/UNIT TIME TOWARDS A DIRECTION.....VECTOR LENGTH (WITH DIRECTION).....VECTOR (WITHOUT DIRECTION).....SCALAR MORE SCALARS: VOLUME, MASS, CHARGE..... ALL HAVE MAGNITUDE ONLY MORE VECTORS: FORCE, MOMENTUM, PRESSURE .... MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION NEWTON’S LAWS NEWTON'S 1ST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA An object remains in its initial state whether of rest or constant velocity until acted upon by an external force. NEWTON'S 2ND LAW: F= ma LAW OF FORCE in DYNES NEWTON'S 3RD LAW: LAW OF RESPONSE For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. NEWTON’S 2ND LAW NEWTON'S 2ND LAW: FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION F= m FORCE HAS UNITS..... DYNES (cgs) MASS HAS UNITS......GRAMS ACCELERATION HAS UNITS....... CM/SEC/SEC OR CM/SEC 2 THEREFORE: ONE DYNE = ONE GRAM-CM/SEC 2 FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY F = G m1 m2 / R2 m1 and m2 are the two objects which gravitationally attract each other. e.g. the Earth and you.... R is the distance between the two objects.... Since R is in the denominator and is squared...the force due to gravity gets smaller in proportion to the square of the distance separating the two objects.... Force has units dynes = gram-centimeter/second 2 G must have units to make equation correct... G = F / (m1 m2 / R2) = (gram-cm /sec 2) gram-2 cm2 = cm3/sec 2gram G IS A "CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY" Let us return to our protosolar nebula from which Earth was formed. PROTOSOLAR NEBULA Eventually, after lengthy evolution, the Earth has reached this overall structure: Solid earth, ocean, Atmosphere… The Earth is volcanically active, resulting in gaseous emission, i.e. “VOLATILES” Earth’s evolution did not result in much loss of matter, What was here to start is nearly ALL still here. STARTING MATERIAL = VOLATILES AND SEDIMENTS Volatiles arise from weathering, but much more from volcanic activity Volatile species are susceptible of further chemical processing… Lightning, entry of meteors… MOLECULES OF LIFE Surface life is based upon photosynthesis, after long evolution. Drawing from photomicrograph of possible early life form, 3.5 B years old… A human hair is typically 70 microns in width Striking evidence for the advent of photosynthetic life… COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE With atmosphere, oxygen, photosynthesis, plants, hydrological cycle, etc., you have an ecosphere… A representation of the time line for Earth evolution… The result of the weathering, volcanism, formation of atmosphere, biology, hydrological cycle, and more is our Earth climate system.