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The Third Crusade was the backstory for
which English Folk Tale involving the
ransoming of Richard The Lionhearted

What musical group was responsible for this
song about Constantinople … I mean
Istanbul.
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.
What do you already know about
the Byzantine Empire?
• In your notebooks – please jot
down
• three things you already know
about the Byzantine Empire
• Three things you want to learn
Byzantine Empire
330 - 1453
Byzantine
Empire is a
Christian State
which had its
capital at
Constantinople.
•Founded by
Constantine
when he moved
the Roman
Capital to East
for economic
purposes.
Political History –
Constantine – first Roman
emperor to convert to Christianity.
Church and State linked together.
His economic and currency
reforms allowed survival of
Byzantine state through
economic chaos of next centuries
when Western Roman Empire fell
apart.
Also spared the disaster of the
Germanic Invasion



Byzantines were heirs to imperial Roman law,
government and administration.
Fundamentally Greek in both language and
culture/art.
Orthodox Christian State – Church controlled
government.
Preserved Greek &
Roman Culture





Pope is leader of Papal
state
Priest can not marry
Divorce not possible
Believe in the trinity (God
the father, God the Son,
and God the Holy Spirit
as ONE being)
Believe that Mary gave
birth to Jesus without sin
(sex) – Immaculate
Conception
Catholic





Patriarch is head of
Byzantine Church &
State
Priests can marry
Divorce possible with
adultery
Does not believe that
Trinity is one being
Does not believe in the
Immaculate Conception
Orthodox
To be a citizen of Byzantine
Empire had to be Orthodox
Christian.
Orthodox believe Catholic
Pope to be laughably
arrogant. “Better the turban
of the Turk than the tiara of
the Pope.”
They will mutually
excommunicate each other
(deny sacraments – rites of
faith) in 1054 – schism
[division] of faith)

“Western Europe owed a debt of gratitude to the
Empire that for almost a thousand years ensured the
survival of Christianity during a time when Europe
was too weak to accomplish the task.”
Which Empire is referred to in this quotation?




Hellenistic
Mongol
Byzantine
Ottoman
Justinian (527-565) w/wife Theodora
•Extended power and wealth of Byzantine Empire (retook
North Africa/Egypt, Italy, and southern Spain)
•Codified Roman Law
(very influential for later
generations; basis of law
for Roman Catholic
Church)
•Monumental building
program – such as
Hagia Sophia blended
Greek, Roman &
Persian styles.
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Byzantine Government –
Army –
Emperor was God’s
representative on Earth.
Theoretically Elective, but
often inherited.
Disciplined, welltrained/equipped farmersoldiers who fought from
sense of patriotism.
Bureaucracy – highly
effective and centralized.
All were trained in
common. Fair tax and
legal system. Many were
monks.
Relied on military
fortifications.
Declined because nobles
began taking land of
farmers. Started to hire
mercenaries (no
loyalties).
Constantinople –
Strategic importance for trade
Constantinople
protected by series
of walls, chains
across the strait, and
Greek fire.
•The secret behind the Greek fire was handed down from
 Greek
Fire to
was
secret
weapon of
the Eastern
one
emperor
thethe
next
for centuries.
Rumors
aboutRoman
its
Emperors.include
The "liquid
was hurled
on topetroleum,
the ships of
composition
suchfire"
chemicals
as liquid
their enemies
burst
into flames on
naphtha,
burningfrom
pitch,siphons
sulphur,and
resin,
quicklimeand
contact.
As itwith
wassome
inextinguishable
and
burned even
bitumen,
along
other "secret
ingredient".
Theon
water,
it caused panic
and remains
dread. unknown.
exact
composition,
however,
Cause of the Crusades
1052 – Byzantine schism with Catholic West Europe
1071 – Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invade Manzikert –
begin to threaten “Holy Land” 1095 – Alexius I
(Byzantine Emperor) asks the Roman Pope (Urban II)
for help to fight off Seljuk.

Wants to
◦ Reunite the Christian
faith (under his control)
◦ End inter-feudal fighting
in western Europe
(interfering with his
ability to collect tithes)
◦ Gain honor for fighting to
protect pilgrims
Crusaders are invited to join
from all across the Western
Europe.
Reduce feudal strife and
warfare
Promised absolution from sins
Symbol
of the
French
king
Symbol
of the
German
king
A major goal of the Christian Church during
the Crusades (1096–1291) was to
1. establish Christianity in western Europe
2. capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers
3. unite warring Arab peoples
4. strengthen English dominance in the Arab
world

Christian Crusades: East and West
Chronology of the 1st Crusade
A.D. 1095 Pope Urban II calls
for a crusade to free the Holy
Land.
A.D. 1096 The Peasant Crusade
is defeated in Asia Minor.
(Peter the Hermit) – peasants
acted like thieves, killed many
Jews (not aim of Crusades)
A.D. 1097-1098 Crusaders
arrive in Asia Minor; take the
cities of Nicaea, Edessa and
Antioch.
A.D. 1099 The Crusaders
capture the holy city of
Jerusalem in July.
Results:
Established Four Feudal States in Holy
Land
•Edessa
•Antioch
•Tripoli
•Jerusalem
Was not able to keep. Muslims soon
took Edessa (2nd Crusade failed to get
back) and Jerusalem (by Saladin, 3rd
Crusade of “Robin Hood Legend” led
by Richard I (Lionhearted) [captured
and had to be ransomed] failed to gain
back, only truce)

Venetian
merchants ran out
of money on way
to crusade – so
sack
Constantinople
instead (who they
were supposed to
be protecting)
IMPACTS OF CRUSADES
• Increased trade with Middle East
(West desired Eastern luxury goods)
• increased use of coined money, usury,
bills of exchange
• Byzantine Empire weakened
• Italian control of Mediterranean trade
• Muslims regain control of Palestine
• Image of Church tarnished because of
Fourth Crusade
In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades
was
1. the strengthening of the feudal system
2. the adoption of Islamic religious practices
3. an increased demand for goods from the
East
4. increased European isolation

What were two indirect results of the
Crusades?
1. trade and commerce increased and the
feudal system was strengthened
2. trade and commerce declined and the
feudal system was strengthened
3. trade and commerce increased and the
feudal system was weakened
4. trade and commerce declined and the
feudal system was weakened

One important effect of the Crusades on
Western Europe was that they
led to
1. a decline in the importance of the church in
Western Europe
2. furthered cultural diffusion throughout
Western Europe
3. introduced the Industrial Revolution to
Western Europe
4. ended the western European quest for an
overseas empire

Permafrost
June 2010 Regents DBQ
Medieval Russia
What is the geography of Eastern Europe like?
•Covers territory from western Germany to Ural Mts.
•Open plains (steppes) with several rivers (Danube)
•No natural borders
•Russia lacks warm-water ports!!!!!

Which geographic factor has most strongly
influenced Russia’s foreign policies and
economic development?
1.
lack of natural resources
vast desert regions
limited access to warm-water ports
extensive mountain ranges
2.
3.
4.


Russia had been taken over by Vikings (Rurik
the Rus) for trade colonies along Baltic Sea
and inland– polytheistic.
Vladamir (980-1015) married Byzantine
princess to align himself with trade for
Mediterranean/Black Sea – converted to
Christianity
Impact – Byzantine converted Russians to
Orthodox Christians, gave them the word “Tzar”
– “caesar”, gave them a written alphabet “Cyrillic”

Indo-European people
living in the Ukraine
(southern Russia)

War-like tribes – had to
invite Vikings in from
Scandinavia in to settle
disputes – Vikings
conquered and brought
peace.

Rurik the Rus – Viking
leader who gave his
name to Russia.
“We sympathize with the people
of Ukraine,” he said. “We’re one
nation. Kiev is the mother of all
Russian cities.” – Putin, March
18th 2014



Collection of city-states and principalities
(territories run by princes)
Boyars – wealthy merchants and landed nobles
who assisted princes.
Assemblies – all free males – could remove
princes.


Came into contact
with Byzantine Empire
Russians Were pagan
until converted to
Christianity by
Byzantine monks (St.
Cyril and
Methodius).

Greek Alphabet

Cyrillic Alphabet

An influence that spread from the Byzantine
Empire to Early Russia was the

Orthodox Christian religion
use of the Latin alphabet
beginning of democracy
factory system

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
During 800s and 900 Kievan Russia maintained close
contacts with Byzantine Empire. However, Mongolian
“Golden Horde” invades
What was the Impact of the Mongolian Invasion on Kievan
Russia?
•Captured and destroyed city of Kiev (1240)
•Ruled Russia for 250 yrs.
•Russia had to pay heavy tribute causing peasants to
revolt
•Russian princes adopted manners of Mongols
•Cut Russia off with contact with Western Europe –
trade declined
Rise of Moscow
After the fall of the Mongolian influence, power transfers
from Kiev to Moscow.
Ivan III (1480-1533) – Ivan the Great
•Called the founder of modern Russia.
•Responsible for ending Mongolian
rule.
•Takes the title, “czar” or caesar.
•Makes Moscow into a third Rome
(w/Constantinople)
Ivan IV – “Terrible”
Killed boyars to
consolidate rule.
•Killed his son and
future grandson
because he thought
his son’s wife (who
was pregnant) was
dressing
unacceptably. He
beat his son and
pregnant daughter-inlaw to death.
•Had built the Cathedral
of
•
Vasily (now in Red
Square). Noted for its
onion-topped towers.
Because he thought it was
so beautiful he had the
architect blinded so that
the world would never see
another such glorious
monument.
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What is the most important impact that the
geography of Russia has on the country?
How did the Byzantine Empire influence the
Russians?
How did the Mongols influence Russia?
What were the early Russia czars like?