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Review for Test 3 Review • Church Fathers – Jerome – Vulgate – Augustine • Confessions • City of God • Visigoths – Fritigern v. Valens – Battle of Adrianople – Sacking of Rome (410) • Alric I • Eastern Roman Empire > Byzantine Empire • Theodosius – Christianity Official Religion – Empire Splits • Patriarchs & Pope – Petrine Doctrine – Papal Primacy Review • The Hun Empire – Attilla the Hun • Pope Leo I “The Great” • Vandals Sack Rome (455) – Genseric • Western Empire Ends – Romulus Augustus – Odovacar (Odoacer) • “King of Italy” • Medieval Europe – Middle Ages – “Dark Ages” • Spread of Christianity – Three Ways • Preaching • Assimilation • Penitential system • Western Monasticism Benedictine – Benedict of Nursia – Rule of Saint Benedict – Scholastica • Gregory I “The Great” – “Western Church” Review • Germanic Tribes/Kingdoms – Comitatus - “war band” – Dooms of Ethelbert – Wergeld • Ostrogoths – Theodoric – Cassiodorus • Franks – Clovis – Christianity – Merovingian dynasty • The Byzantine Empire – – – – Justinian Theodora Hagia Sophia Recodification of Roman Law • Corpus Juris Civilias – “body of civil law” • Birth of Islam – Muhammad – Flees Mecca - Hijra – Qur’an, Hadith, Sunna Review • Five Pillars of Islam – There is one god, and Muhammad is his prophet – Prayer 5 times daily – Fasting, and observance of Dietary prohibitions – Almsgiving to the poor – If possible, must make a pilgrimage to Mecca • The Early Caliphate – – – – Abu Bakr Umar (Omar) Shi’ites (Shi’a) Sunni • Umayyad Dynasty – Muawiya – Afghanistan to Spain • Franks – Pippin I - Pepin the Elder • Mayor of the Palace – Charles “The Hammer” Martel • Battle of Tours / Battle of Poitiers • East-West Church – Iconoclasm - 726 • Icons • Byzantine Emperor Leo III – Caesaropapism Review • Rebellion of Non-Arab Muslims • Muslim Spain - Cordoba – Adb al-Rahman – Pluralistic • The Abbasid Caliphate – – – – – – – – Abu al-Abbas Baghdad World religion Harun al-Rashid Golden Age Averroës al-Khwarizmi - Algebra Avicenna - al-Qanun • Pippin III - Pepin the Short – King of the Franks – Pippin Vs. Lombards • Papal States • The Carolingian Empire – Charlemagne – Missi Dominici • “Agents of the Lord King” – Holy Roman Emperor – The Carolingian Renaissance • Alcuin • “Caroline minuscule” • The Venerable Bede – Ecclesiastical History of the English People – Calendar • anno Domini – “in the year of our Lord” Review • The Slavs - Eastern Europe – West Slavs - Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Wends – South Slavs - Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Bosnians – East Slavs - White Rus (Ukranians, Belorussians), Red Rus (Russians) • Division of the Franks – Charles the Bald – West Francia – Lothair - Lotharingia – Louis the German – East Francia – Treaty of Verdun • Invasions – Magyars – Muslims – Vikings Review • Kievan Rus (Early Russia) – Varangians (Vikings) – Rurik – Circa 860 – Cyril and Methodius • Cyrillic Alphabet – Vladimir I • Christianity – Yaroslav (Iaroslav) the Wise • The Byzantine Empire Macedonian Dynasty – Basil I - Circa 867 – Reforms • Anglo-Saxons (Early England) – Heptarchy – The Danelaw – Alfred the Great • King of Wessex • King of the Anglo-Saxons • Shires (Counties) - Shire-reeve • Central Europe (Early Germany) – Otto I • Battle of Lechfeld • Holy Roman Emperor – Holy Roman Empire Review • Magyars / Hungarians – Geza – Stephen I • West Francia (Early France) – Capetian Dynasty • Hugh Capet • Abbasid Caliphate – Widening Shiite-Sunni split – Fatimid expansion – Buyid takeover • Amir Mu'izz al-Dawla • The Seven Sacraments – – – – – – – Baptism Confession Confirmation Communion Holy Matrimony Holy Orders Anointing of the Sick / Extreme Unction • Feudalism / Serfdom • Agriculture – Three Field System • The Knights – Chivalry – Tournaments Review • Towns & Cities – Fortifications – Borough/Burg – Burghers/Bourgeoisie • Medieval Trade – Italian Cities – Flanders • Architecture – Romanesque • Barrel Vault – Gothic Architecture • Flying Buttress • Notre Dame • Education – Bologna – First University • Peter Abelard – Sic et Non • “Scholasticism” • Thomas Aquinas – Greatest of the Scholastics – Summa Theologia • Vernacular Writing – Heroic Epic • • • • Beowulf (England) Song of Roland (France) Song of the Nibelungs (German) Poem of El Cid (Spain) – Romances • King Arthur of Britain Review • East-West Schism / First Great Schism - 1054 – Excommunication – Eastern (Greek) Orthodox – Roman Catholic • Church Issues and Reform – Pope Gregory VII – Cardinals – Lay Investiture • Investiture Controversy – Pope Vs. Emperor • Gregory VII vs. Henry IV – Conference at Worms • England – Edward “The Confessor” – Harold Godwinson • Duke of Wessex – William “The Conquerer” • Duke of Normandy – Battle of Hastings • October 1066 – The Domesday Book • Sicily – Roger de Hautville – Diwan – Naples Review • The Seljuk Turks – – – – Abbasid Caliphate Battle of Manzikert Capture of Jerusalem Byzantine Reaction • The Crusades Begin – Pope Urban II • Calls Crusade - 1095 – Indulgence – Urban’s Four Reasons – Crusader’s motives • The First Crusade – Only truly successful Crusade (for Europe) • “Crusader Kingdoms” – Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch – Acre - Port city • Henry II of England – – – – Common law Jury Inheritance in France Struggle with Church • Thomas Becket - Archbishop of Canterbury • Henry’s knights • Holy Roman Empire – – – – House of Hohenstaufen Frederick I - “Frederick Barbarossa” Roman Law Battle at Legano Review • The Third Crusade – Saladin – “Crusade of Kings” • Richard the Lionhearted • Phillip II Augustus • Frederick Barbarossa • Innocent III – Most Powerful of the Medieval Popes • The Fourth Crusade – Sacking of Constantinople • Albigensian Crusade – Cathar – Beliefs – Dualism • The Reconquista - “The Reconquest” – Navarre, Portugal, Cataluña, Aragon, Leon, Castile – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa – Granada • The Dominicans - “Preaching Friars” – Domingo de Guzman - St. Dominic • The Franciscans - “Rule of the Little Brothers of Saint Francis” – Francesco di Bernardone - St. Francis of Assisi • The “Poor Clares” - Order of Poor Ladies – Clare of Assisi Review • Differences with Old Orders – Friars rather than Monks – Stressed apostolic poverty • mendicant orders – Friars drew members from small property owners and shopkeeps • The Battle of Bouvines – Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor & John of England – Phillip II of France – Consequences for all three powers • Phillip II Augustus of France – Unification • John of England – Meeting at Runnymede – 1215 – Magna Carta • Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor – Attempts at Unification – Italian Invasion • Louis IX “the Saint” of France – Royal Judicial System – Parlement of Paris – Last Crusades