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European Exploration 19-1, 20-1 BACKGROUND: By 1400s CE Arabs and Chinese most skilled at sailing long distances. Europeans began to sail farther into the unknown, why? Driven by curiosity, desire to spread Christianity, and for economic reasons Economic reasons: •Desire to find direct trade routes btwn Europe and Asia to bypass Arab and Italian middle men = buy Asian goods at lower prices •Fear that Ottoman Turks would cut off overland trade routes, which the Ottomans controlled For God, Glory, and Gold! Europeans looking • • • • • For new wealth… gold (and silver) For spices For sea routes to Asia To convert souls to Christianity To avoid Muslim trade routes controlled by Arabs and Italians Contact with Chinese and Arabs led to improvements in tools of Exploration • Caravel – ships could sail against wind with triangular sail (lanteen) – favored by Muslims • Compass - invented by Chinese • Improvements in mapmaking with coordinates • Astrolabe - brass circle with adjusted rings marked off in degrees important to determine latitude – Line up w/ stars to determine latitude – Later replaced by the sextant in the mid-1700s to determine latitude and longitude astrolabe sextant Caravel with lanteen sail Christopher Columbus, Italian • Searching for Asia via western route over Atlantic Ocean • 1492 landed in Bahamas • Called natives Indians - b/c he thought he was in India • Searching for gold • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain financed his voyage • He did not know he discovered new world They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks’ bells. They willingly traded everything they owned... . They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features.... They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane... . They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. Columbus and his men took natives as slaves, shipped hundreds to Spain – most died in the process, the rest after arriving. They used the natives as torture toys, sex slaves, and as dog food. Portugal 1st country to explore the Atlantic Ocean… looking for trade route to Asia Vasco da Gama • 1st to reach India by ship 1498 Amerigo Vespucci •1499 Crossed Atlantic… realized Columbus had not reached Asia, but “new” world •Mapmakers labeled Western Hemisphere for Amerigo = America Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese • Expedition paid for by Spain • 1519 first to circumnavigate the globe • 270 men, 5 ships • Battles in Philippines where he was killed • Only 18 men return & 1 ship • Significance of voyage = established earth was round and oceans were connected • Named the Pacific Ocean Hernando Cortes, Spain • • • • Conquistadors - Spanish explorers 1st settlers in Americas Looking for gold Destroyed Aztec empire 1521 – Aztec thought he was Quetzalcoatl • Reasons for victory 1. Superior weapons 2. Allied w/ other native groups 3. Disease - small pox Missionaries • Traveled w/ conquistadores for converts • Protested poor treatment of natives by Europeans James Cook, British captain • • • • Sailed to New Zealand & New Holland (Australia) 1760s-1779 Sailed around the world 2xs 1st British commander to prevent scurvy • 1st known European to reach Hawaii (where he was killed) Samuel de Champlain, French Explorer • • • • Sailed St. Lawrence river 32 colonists Founded Quebec Base of French Empire