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1450- 1750 CE: The “Early Modern” Period
• The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact AND
so world trade networks flourish- fewer people remain
outside of its influence- process of real GLOBALIZATION begins
• Balance of power in the world shifts in favor of Western Europe
• Land based empires retain control and power through
use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals)
• Labor systems transformed: slavery becomes central to world
economy and expands to New World/ social systems established
in Americas based on race
• Previously held belief systems are challenged (Reformation)
while in some places reaffirmation of traditional beliefs=stability
• Population compositions change world wide (plague, contact
with Americas, reconfiguration of family, role of women)
Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
We have seen Transoceanic Encounters BeforeEXAMPLES??
We have seen Global Connections BeforeEXAMPLES?
1. What are the preconditions for exploration in the 15th C?
Why the West?:
Political Stability
Answers lie in:
Economic strength and wealth (government taxes or
investors)
 geography
 political and economic
Willingness to take risks
pluralism
Skilled and educated workers
 military inventions
 empowerment of middle
Technological Innovation
class
1. Why the West?
 spirit of invention and
free enterprise
(By 1900, Europe controlled 85%
Of the globe)
RECOVERY: Western Europe
FR: salt and
sales tax
GB: hearth
tax, head tax,
plow tax
State Building (by late 15th C)
• Regional states rather than centralized authority
• HRE in name only: power falls to German princes
• standing armies established (except England) (FR: 15,000)
• ability to levy taxes and to keep the nobility in check
• asserted authority of central govt over nobility
• Spain united by marriage of Fernando of Aragon and
Isabel of Castile (= reconquista)
• technology strengthened power of the states
• Grand Prince Ivan III declared
independence from Mongol Khan
(Golden Horde)
City States
• Began in Italy: Milan, Florence, Venice
Rome, Papal States
• levied direct taxes, issued long term
bonds
Hundred Years’ War
(1337-1453)
• England vs. France
• Regional monarchies assert
their power for control of FR
• ends with expulsion of House of
Anjou/ victory for House of
Valois
Cross bow/gunpowder/cannon =
RECOVERY: Western Europe
The Renaissance
• “Rebirth” (Greek bible)
• Art, Architecture,
Scholarship and Literature
• Humanism= (literature,
history, moral philosophy:
committed to Christianity)
• Linear Perspective
• John Gutenberg (1439)
• (paper from Arabs, who
learned from the Chinese)
• the Medici family
Possible to live a
virtuous life and not be
a monk
Erasmus
Lorenzo de Medici
Harder for the Church
to control or censor what was
being written
Michaelangleo (1475-1564)
The Sistine Chapel,
Vatican City 1473
Medieval vs. Renaissance Art
Plato
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Socrates
Raphael
Raphael: 1483-1520
“The School of Athens”
Michaelangelo
Sandro Botticelli: 1444-1510
“Birth of Venus”
Rise of towns and cities =
 loss of status of nobility and guilds
 peasants attain higher standard
of living = new consumers
 expanded internal markets, demand
for goods
 fuel desire for new routes to obtain
products from Asia
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
El Duomo: 142 feet high, 4 million bricks
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519
“The Last Supper” 1498
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519
“Mona Lisa”
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
Individualism =
Individuals are capable of great
accomplishments
Clothing and interior of room=
Signs of wealth
Inscription on wall:
Jan van Eyck was here. 1434
Symbolic of typical gender roles:
Woman stands near the bed and
Well into the room=caregiver
Giovanni stands near open window=
Interface with outside world
His vertical hand = authority
Her obedient gaze but relatively equal,
not casting her eyes to ground like
lower class
She may/may not be pregnant- may
Symbolize fertility/ Mirror= eye of God?
Hands clasped + Van Eyck
testimonial=Marriage contract?
Jan van Eyck:
1441
Dog = loyalty
Green1395= hope
“Portrait
Single lit candle
= of Giovanni
Arnolfini and his Wife”
typical Flemish marriage custom
Pieter Bruegel: The Peasant Wedding 1568
The Ambassadors (1533)
is a painting by
Hans Holbein the Younger
Anatolian carpet
Clerical and secular
Celestial globe
Sun dial
Compass
Open book
Anamorphic skull
Telescope
Three levels??
Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
Mixed Motives:
New technologies used in navigation:
Psychological and physical obstacles impeded
early exploration
Thought there was a vast southern land mass that would
block travel to the East around Africa
Thought the earth was 7/8 land, underestimated size of earth
Ptolemy’s View of the World (from Geographia c: 150 CE)
- allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view
when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300.
Chinese and European Exploration: 1405-1498
• motives = profit (sugarcane, slavery, gold) trade, missionary activity, show of power
• Portuguese excel: Prince Henry the Navigator (Gibraltor 1415)
• wanted to avoid Muslim “middlemen” in trade with the East
• (collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 affected the trade routes… )
• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope
• 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama : sailed to India and back
• 1492: Columbus: sailed to the “Indies” (a.k.a San Salvador)
“good voyage” = scurvy
claimed the lives of only
20% of the crew
Da Gama lost 126/170 men
Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans
Effects:
FR out of India
GB got FR colonies in Canada
WHY Portugal
FR kept Caribbean posts
SP kept Cuba
And
Spain first?
______________________________________________________________________
GB took Florida
1400
1500
1600
1700 GB wins: British hegemony
1800 CE
Prince Henry (P)
Motives?
Effects?
Alfonso
d’Albuquerque (P)
Effects?
English East
India Co (GB)
United East
India Co (VOC)
Bartholomeu Dias (P)
(Dutch) Effects?
Vasco de Gama (P)
MERCANTILISM
Motives?
Ferdinand Magellan (S)
Effects?
Effects?
Christopher
Columbus(S)
Motives ?
Effects?
Spain captures
Philippines
Sir Frances Drake (GB)
Effects?
James Cook (GB)
Vitus Bering (Russia)
Seven Year’s War
1756-1763
GLOBAL COMPETITION
(Dutch kick out Portugal,
FR and GB compete for India,
FR, GB and SP in Americas)
Russia expands into Siberia
Martin Behaim: creator of the first spherical globe of the Earth
Used Ptolemy’s calculations for circumference = 16,000 miles (9000 miles short)
Insisted until the day he died (1504)that he reached Asia
Pope Alexander VI issued a “Line of Demarcation” in 1493…
Treaty of Tordesilla 1494
Spain
Portugal
Establishment of Trading
Post Empires
• Portuguese first
(economic reasons)
• Alfonso d’Alboquerque
(safe conduct passes?)
• Portuguese control declines
by end of 16th C (WHY?)
English and Dutch Trading Posts
English East India Trading Co
Dutch United East India Co (VOC)
How were these trading companies
organized and administered?
How were they able to establish
themselves in Asia?
Spanish in the Philippines
Vs.
Dutch in Indonesia?
(Direct vs. Indirect rule)
Roald Amundsen
1872-1928
EFFECTS?
•Demographic (+)/ Migrations of Populations (+)(-)
•Economic Growth/ Creation of First Global Trading System (+)
•Creation of New Business Opportunities (+)
•Global Diffusion of Food and Domestic Animals(+)
•Increased Health and Nutrition (+)
Permanent Alteration of
Earth’s Cultural Exchange (+)
Environment (-)(+)
Devastating Spread of Disease Pathogens (-)
Waldeseemuller’s world map 1507
Jan Stobnicza 1512
European Exploration 1519-1780