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1450- 1750 CE: The “Early Modern” Period • The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact AND so world trade networks flourish- fewer people remain outside of its influence- process of real GLOBALIZATION begins • Balance of power in the world shifts in favor of Western Europe • Land based empires retain control and power through use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals) • Labor systems transformed: slavery becomes central to world economy and expands to New World/ social systems established in Americas based on race • Previously held belief systems are challenged (Reformation) while in some places reaffirmation of traditional beliefs=stability • Population compositions change world wide (plague, contact with Americas, reconfiguration of family, role of women) Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections We have seen Transoceanic Encounters BeforeEXAMPLES?? We have seen Global Connections BeforeEXAMPLES? 1. What are the preconditions for exploration in the 15th C? Why the West?: Political Stability Answers lie in: Economic strength and wealth (government taxes or investors) geography political and economic Willingness to take risks pluralism Skilled and educated workers military inventions empowerment of middle Technological Innovation class 1. Why the West? spirit of invention and free enterprise (By 1900, Europe controlled 85% Of the globe) RECOVERY: Western Europe FR: salt and sales tax GB: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax State Building (by late 15th C) • Regional states rather than centralized authority • HRE in name only: power falls to German princes • standing armies established (except England) (FR: 15,000) • ability to levy taxes and to keep the nobility in check • asserted authority of central govt over nobility • Spain united by marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile (= reconquista) • technology strengthened power of the states • Grand Prince Ivan III declared independence from Mongol Khan (Golden Horde) City States • Began in Italy: Milan, Florence, Venice Rome, Papal States • levied direct taxes, issued long term bonds Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) • England vs. France • Regional monarchies assert their power for control of FR • ends with expulsion of House of Anjou/ victory for House of Valois Cross bow/gunpowder/cannon = RECOVERY: Western Europe The Renaissance • “Rebirth” (Greek bible) • Art, Architecture, Scholarship and Literature • Humanism= (literature, history, moral philosophy: committed to Christianity) • Linear Perspective • John Gutenberg (1439) • (paper from Arabs, who learned from the Chinese) • the Medici family Possible to live a virtuous life and not be a monk Erasmus Lorenzo de Medici Harder for the Church to control or censor what was being written Michaelangleo (1475-1564) The Sistine Chapel, Vatican City 1473 Medieval vs. Renaissance Art Plato Aristotle Ptolemy Socrates Raphael Raphael: 1483-1520 “The School of Athens” Michaelangelo Sandro Botticelli: 1444-1510 “Birth of Venus” Rise of towns and cities = loss of status of nobility and guilds peasants attain higher standard of living = new consumers expanded internal markets, demand for goods fuel desire for new routes to obtain products from Asia Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) El Duomo: 142 feet high, 4 million bricks Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519 “The Last Supper” 1498 Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519 “Mona Lisa” Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Individualism = Individuals are capable of great accomplishments Clothing and interior of room= Signs of wealth Inscription on wall: Jan van Eyck was here. 1434 Symbolic of typical gender roles: Woman stands near the bed and Well into the room=caregiver Giovanni stands near open window= Interface with outside world His vertical hand = authority Her obedient gaze but relatively equal, not casting her eyes to ground like lower class She may/may not be pregnant- may Symbolize fertility/ Mirror= eye of God? Hands clasped + Van Eyck testimonial=Marriage contract? Jan van Eyck: 1441 Dog = loyalty Green1395= hope “Portrait Single lit candle = of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife” typical Flemish marriage custom Pieter Bruegel: The Peasant Wedding 1568 The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger Anatolian carpet Clerical and secular Celestial globe Sun dial Compass Open book Anamorphic skull Telescope Three levels?? Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Mixed Motives: New technologies used in navigation: Psychological and physical obstacles impeded early exploration Thought there was a vast southern land mass that would block travel to the East around Africa Thought the earth was 7/8 land, underestimated size of earth Ptolemy’s View of the World (from Geographia c: 150 CE) - allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300. Chinese and European Exploration: 1405-1498 • motives = profit (sugarcane, slavery, gold) trade, missionary activity, show of power • Portuguese excel: Prince Henry the Navigator (Gibraltor 1415) • wanted to avoid Muslim “middlemen” in trade with the East • (collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 affected the trade routes… ) • 1488: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope • 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama : sailed to India and back • 1492: Columbus: sailed to the “Indies” (a.k.a San Salvador) “good voyage” = scurvy claimed the lives of only 20% of the crew Da Gama lost 126/170 men Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans Effects: FR out of India GB got FR colonies in Canada WHY Portugal FR kept Caribbean posts SP kept Cuba And Spain first? ______________________________________________________________________ GB took Florida 1400 1500 1600 1700 GB wins: British hegemony 1800 CE Prince Henry (P) Motives? Effects? Alfonso d’Albuquerque (P) Effects? English East India Co (GB) United East India Co (VOC) Bartholomeu Dias (P) (Dutch) Effects? Vasco de Gama (P) MERCANTILISM Motives? Ferdinand Magellan (S) Effects? Effects? Christopher Columbus(S) Motives ? Effects? Spain captures Philippines Sir Frances Drake (GB) Effects? James Cook (GB) Vitus Bering (Russia) Seven Year’s War 1756-1763 GLOBAL COMPETITION (Dutch kick out Portugal, FR and GB compete for India, FR, GB and SP in Americas) Russia expands into Siberia Martin Behaim: creator of the first spherical globe of the Earth Used Ptolemy’s calculations for circumference = 16,000 miles (9000 miles short) Insisted until the day he died (1504)that he reached Asia Pope Alexander VI issued a “Line of Demarcation” in 1493… Treaty of Tordesilla 1494 Spain Portugal Establishment of Trading Post Empires • Portuguese first (economic reasons) • Alfonso d’Alboquerque (safe conduct passes?) • Portuguese control declines by end of 16th C (WHY?) English and Dutch Trading Posts English East India Trading Co Dutch United East India Co (VOC) How were these trading companies organized and administered? How were they able to establish themselves in Asia? Spanish in the Philippines Vs. Dutch in Indonesia? (Direct vs. Indirect rule) Roald Amundsen 1872-1928 EFFECTS? •Demographic (+)/ Migrations of Populations (+)(-) •Economic Growth/ Creation of First Global Trading System (+) •Creation of New Business Opportunities (+) •Global Diffusion of Food and Domestic Animals(+) •Increased Health and Nutrition (+) Permanent Alteration of Earth’s Cultural Exchange (+) Environment (-)(+) Devastating Spread of Disease Pathogens (-) Waldeseemuller’s world map 1507 Jan Stobnicza 1512 European Exploration 1519-1780