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CHAPTER 2 THE IMMIGRANTS THE IMMIGRANTS In fourteen hundred and ninety two Columbus sailed the ocean blue Christopher Columbus was not the first European to discover the Americas THE IMMIGRANTS Vikings arrived in the new world 500 years before Columbus Recent evidence supports this theory Eric the Red was banished from Iceland under the suspicion that he murdered a member of the community Eric, his family members and friends traveled to Greenland THE IMMIGRANTS Lacking trees on Greenland, Eric sent his son, Leif Ericsson, to find a source of timber The expedition landed on the north shore of Newfoundland. A settlement was established at L’Ans aux Meadow, NF Here the Vikings traveled back and forth carrying timber THE IMMIGRANTS THE IMMIGRANTS The Vikings encountered the Beothuk. Although relations were not friendly, the Viking settlement lasted about 20 years Eventually the Beothuk destroyed the Vikings THE IMMIGRANTS The Basques were also in North America before Columbus. About 1350 AD The Basques are fishermen from Northern Spain who can to North America to fish the Grand Banks Demand for fish in Europe increased because of religious traditions. The Basques were providing for this demand THE IMMIGRANTS THE IMMIGRANTS Seasonal settlements were established on the southern shore of Newfoundland but nothing permanent Limited trade was established with the local people The Basques kept their fishing grounds secret and therefore did not publicize their knowledge of the new world THE IMMIGRANTS The Age of Absolutism created political stability in Europe Power was centralized under a King or Queen and the nation- state emerged Once a country was stabilized, exploration could be justified Portugal was the first to settle their internal problems THE IMMIGRANTS Oriental goods were arriving in Europe over-land from the far east Goods arrived in the eastern Mediterranean and were then shipped into the interior of Europe With each transfer, these Asian commodities became more and more expensive A direct sea route was needed to control prices THE IMMIGRANTS In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz sailed south around the Cape of Africa to the Orient The Portuguese began to import goods from the Far East with middlemen THE IMMIGRANTS Portugal became very wealthy and the balance of power in Europe changed dramatically Spain was the next to unify its states under one central authority The Spanish Christians defeated the Spanish Muslims in 1480’s The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile consolidated power under the King and Queen THE IMMIGRANTS Now, Spain can begin to look outwards to exploration and discovery In 1492, the Italian discoverer, Christopher Columbus is hired to explore his theories of exploration Columbus based his theories on the work of the ancient geographer Ptolemy On October 12th, 1492, Columbus is allowed to prove his theory that one can circumnavigate the globe by sailing over the horizon (knowledge that the Greeks and Romans possessed a thousand years earlier) THE IMMIGRANTS The real goal for Spain was to find the passage to India therefore Columbus did not expect the massive land mass (North America) to end his westward progress Columbus claims the entire New World for Spain Columbus landed in the Caribbean thinking he has found India THE IMMIGRANTS He names the islands the West Indies to commemorate his discovery. He calls the people Indians Spain becomes wealthy through the discovery of gold as native possessions are pillaged and slave labor is used in mining the precious ore THE IMMIGRANTS Columbus' voyage fueled the rivalry between Spain and Portugal King John II of Portugal rejected Spanish claims to the Caribbean islands Each country disputed the rights of the other to explore the new lands Portuguese explorer, Pedro Cabral, headed south to Africa was blown off course and landed in present-day Brazil THE IMMIGRANTS Cabral claimed this territory for the Portugal, angering Spain The Pope was sought to negotiated a settlement Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesilles in 1494 The treaty drew a Line of Demarcation that ran north-south for about 1100 miles west of the Azores The treaty gave all newly discovered lands west of the line to Spain (Caribbean, Mexico, USA, Canada, South America) THE IMMIGRANTS Portugal received the right to colonize and trade with any lands east of the line (Africa, Brazil) The treaty gave Spain the right to claim most of north and south America A small portion of Brazil is east of the Demarcation Line, Spain tolerated the Portuguese presence in the New World THE IMMIGRANTS THE IMMIGRANTS THE FRENCH France is the next European power to participate in the Age of Discovery Jacques Cartier explores the north east (present day Maine to Newfoundland) far away from Spanish territorial claims THE IMMIGRANTS Cartier is looking for a sea route to Asia and wealth He find neither and France abandons its exploration for 75 years The French will eventually establish a naval base at Port Royal and 1604 and the settlement of Quebec in 1608 New France is established THE IMMIGRANTS The early development of New France was engineered by the merchants (fur traders) and the missionaries The colony of New France always had a difficult time to attract settlers despite their various efforts The fur trade did not create jobs, the colony was isolated, the incentive called “indentured labor” failed and the climate was too severe THE IMMIGRANTS The colony grew from within rather than relying on immigration By 1760, 10 000 immigrants came to New France but the population grew to 65 000 due to a high birth rate New France grew in size to cover much of eastern and central Canada, south along the Mississippi River valley THE IMMIGRANTS THE IMMIGRANTS New France was lost to Britain following the Seven Years War. This territory was called British North America BNA THE LOYALISTS Following the American Revolution 1776 - 1783, people that did not support the Revolution were labeled Loyalists and forced out of the newly formed United States of America These Loyalists traveled north to British North America (Ontario, Canada) rather than return to England THE IMMIGRANTS The Loyalists were a hardy group bringing their farming skills with them They also embedded in British North America a staunch antiAmerican sentiment The Loyalists were welcomed by the British government to offset the remnants of the French colonists THE IMMIGRANTS British policy favored the Loyalists and the assimilation of the French population was also encouraged THE GREAT MIGRATION More people of British background will arrive in BNA during the Great Migration 1815 – 1850 Irish Potato Famine, Scottish Clearance This immigration wave will firmly establish our British roots THE IMMIGRANTS PEOPLE FROM MANY LANDS (SIFTON MIGRATION) During the period 1880 – 1914, 3 million people came to Canada from many different lands Free land was offered as a way to attract people to the Canadian west Settlement of the west was important to building the new nation of Canada THE IMMIGRANTS Ukrainians were eager to leave a miserable life in Europe and begin anew in western Canada Ukrainians were actively recruited – 500 000 eventually relocated to the Canadian prairies Railway construction attracted oriental immigration as cheap labor Cities began to grow as immigration increased THE IMMIGRANTS Twentieth century immigration saw a decline in European immigration and an increase from the East Anti-immigration feelings ran high among Canadians especially directed toward the orientals War created “enemy aliens” Immigration created Canada’s MultiCultural identity 1881 British 2 548 514 French 1 298 929 Dutch 30 412 German 254 319 Italian 1 849 Jewish 667 Polish Russian Scandinavian Ukrainian 1901 1911 1921 3 063 195 1 649 371 33 845 310 501 10 834 16 131 3 999 081 2 061 719 55 961 403 417 45 963 76 199 4 868 738 2 452 743 117 505 294 635 66 769 126 196