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Chapter 1 Beginnings of America Section 1: The World Before 1600 Main Idea: Diverse cultures existed in the Americas, Europe, and Africa before 1600. Bell ringer: How did we learn about Prehistoric people in the America’s? Prehistoric societies-those from before the invention of writing- can be studied through archeology, the scientific study of the remains of past human life. Archeologist study evidence such as pottery, weapons, and tools they find in ancient towns and campsites. In this way, they have learned about the first people who lived in North and South America. Distinctive spear tips called clovis points have been found throughout North America, leading archeologists to develop theories about ancient migration across the continent. Review Questions: What is the science that is the study of the remains of past human life? What do you think scientists can learn from examining ancient pottery and tools? The Early Americas 10,000 years ago, during the ice age, most of the earth was covered in ice Exposed a bridge of land between Alaska and North East Asia over the Bering Strait Known as “Beringia” Siberian (East Asian) hunters crossed this bridge to North America These people were nomadic hunter-gatherers and had to move when the animals moved When many of the animals died off, these people began to plant seeds to grow crops. This allowed them to live in one place Became known as the “Agricultural Revolution” Reading Focus Question #1: Who were the first people in the early Americas? Nomadic hunters from Asia who crossed a land bridge known as Beringia Empires of Mesoamerica 2 major empires rose up in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) Mayans Developed around 400 B.C., built pyramids, developed writing and numeric system Aztecs Formed a large empire in Mexico with a capital city North American Cultures Before 1500 Different Cultures developed based on Geography, climate, and resources Southwest Northwest Coast People lived in many room adobe dwellings called pueblos Culture was ruled by a council of elders Had abundant supply of resources, held potlatches (feasts) to show off wealth California Many plants and animals were available year round Far North Great Basin and Plateau Dry land region, peoples depended heavily on hunting and gathering Great Plains Lived in tundra, (frozen land), hunted seals, seabirds, caribou, beaver, and bear Culture depended heavily on the use of the buffalo Eastern Woodlands Eastern U.S., plentiful animals, plants, and fish, used forests to build permanent homes like longhouses Southeast Supported themselves through farming Shared Customs and Traditions Most villages and nations were organized into clans based on kinship, or family relationships Kinship often determined social status and how property was inherited Religion was based on a connection to the natural world Viewed land as a gift from the Great Spirit that was not able to be owned Different tribes traded with one another on a barter system, an exchange of goods without the use of money Reading Focus Question #2 In What ways were North American cultures before and after 1500 different and in what ways were they similar? Different: regional diversity according to climate, geography, and resources Similar: social and political ideas, religion, land use, and trade African Trading Cultures Ghana and Mali Songhai Earliest kingdoms, grew wealthy by taxing traders, famous ruler Mansa Musa travelled the world and brought knowledge back to Africa Largest kingdom, ruled by Askia Muhammed from 1493-1528, center of Islamic knowledge Benin and Kongo 2 coastal African kingdoms, became wealthy from trade with Europeans Trade changes in West Africa European traders were first attracted to Africa for gold and trade Europeans began to participate in the slave trade Began with Portuguese who set up colonies & plantations in Africa while looking for a route to India Parts of Africa suffered huge losses in population Caused divisions among different groups of African peoples Reading Focus Question #3: What Characterized African cultures before 1500? West Africa trading kingdoms like Mali, Ghana, Songhai, Benin, and Kongo emerged. Arab traders brought Islam to East Africa European Exploration 1500’s in Europe was the “Middle Ages” Difficult time full of lawlessness, and frequent invasions The Crusades occurred, a series of wars between Christians and Muslims for control of Palestine Creation of nation-states as land was consolidated from individual nobles to stronger rulers who set up strong governments In England, nobles fought total control by the king & forced him to sign the Magna Carta Recognized the privileges of nobles which eventually extended to all citizens Gave townspeople rights Protected all freeman from random arrest, imprisonment, & other legal actions King could not raise taxes without consulting his council of Lords & clergy “No taxation without representation.” Stated that the king must obey the law Government cannot seize property without consent The Renaissance & the Reformation Increased trade led to sharing of new ideas, population growth, and improved education Led to a period known as the “Renaissance” which means rebirth Studied Greek and Roman classics Produced great works of art Made achievements in science Encouraged people to question accepted ideas in religion Martin Luther and the Protestants broke from the Catholic Church during the “Reformation” The Age of Exploration In the 1200’s, Marco Polo travelled from Venice Italy to China to trade In 1400’s Prince Henry of Portugal set up a school and Naval Observatory to encourage exploration Wanted to find a sea route to China for trade purposes New advances were made in ship building and navigation After Prince Henry’s death in 1498, explorer Vasco DeGama was successful in sailing to India Reading Focus Question #4: How did European exploration begin? Renaissance encouraged new ways of looking at the world, new technologies in shipbuilding and navigation made exploration possible, desire for new trade routes was strong motivation Columbus Reaches the Caribbean Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 Became a sailor on merchant and warships Wanted to use a westward route to sail to Asia Was unable to get Italian or Portuguese financiers Was able to convince King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to sponsor the trip Started his voyage west on August 3, 1492 with three ships: The Nina, The Pinta, and the Santa Maria After 3 weeks the crew was close to mutiny when they spotted land Thought they had reached Asia but had really reached the Bahamas The Impact of Columbus Columbus’s journey sparked the beginning of European colonization in the Americas. Frequent clashes between natives and Europeans First persuaded natives to work for them, eventually began enslaving them Began trade of plants and animals between Europeans, Native Americans and Africans known as the “Columbian Exchange” Columbian Exchange Brought horses to the Americas Native Americans caught many European diseases Section 2: European Colonies in America Main Idea: Spain began colonizing America, and later, England built a diverse group of colonies on the Atlantic Seaboard Bell Ringer How did two European sea powers carve up the Americas? After Christopher Columbus returned to Spain with news of the Americas, Queen Isabella wanted to quickly secure Spain’s claims to the continent before Portugal did. She asked Pope Alexander VI for approval of Spain’s claims. A Spaniard himself, Alexander agreed, and drew a line down the globe. He gave Spain claim to everything west of the line and Portugal everything to the east. After Portugal protested, diplomats met in 1494 and gave Brazil to Portugal and North America to Spain. Review Quetions What event prompted Queen Isabella’s visit to Pope Alexander VI and her request for his help? Why do you think Spain and Portugal wanted to claim the land in the Americas? European Explorers in the America’s Wave of exploration began after the Treaty of Tordesillas Goal was: “God, Gold, and Glory” Juan Ponce De Leon Wanted to spread Christianity, find wealth, and become famous for their explorations Spanish explorer who reached Florida, claimed Florida for Spain Hernan Cortes Conquered the Aztec Empire and searched for gold in Mexico Hernando De Soto Francisco Vasquez De Coronado Traveled throughout the Southeast and discovered the Mississippi River First expedition to travel west to Kansas and the Grand Canyon Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo Sailed north from Mexico along the coast of California Spain Builds an Empire Spain began developing a system of government for the lands it conquered Viceroys, were direct representatives of the monarch, ruled the conquered provinces The Encomienda System, a system in which a wealthy landowner had the right to control the people of a certain area. Social standing depended on ancestry People born in Spain (Peninsulars) were superior to Spaniards born in the Americas (Creoles) who were superior to Mestizos, people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage. Lowest social standings were those of mixed Spanish and African heritage, Africans, and Indians Spanish Missions in North America Spain sent missionaries to spread Christianity to Native Americans Missionaries are people who convert others to a particular religion In 1769, the Spanish Viceroy sent Friar Junipero Serro to San Diego where he founded missions along the coast of California Other Nations Explore Explorers from England, France, and Netherlands began to explore the Americas and challenged Spain’s claims to the Americas In 1558, England and Spain went to war, England defeated Spain’s famous Spanish Armada Reading Focus Question #1 Which European nations explored the America’s and where? Spain explored North, Central and South America France, the Netherlands, & England explored North America The English in Virginia After defeating the Spanish Armada, England began to establish colonies in North America King James I issued a charter that separated North America between 2 investment companies: London Company & the Plymouth Company Both were joint-stock companies in which investors pooled their money to finance the colony, governed and maintained the colony, an shared the profits The Lost Colony of Roanoke In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh founded a colony in Virginia named Roanoke Leader of the Colony went back to England When he returned the entire colony was empty The colonists disappearance has never been solved Jamestown Settled in 1607, Jamestown was the first English colony to survive Encountered problems such as disease from contaminated water,& starvation Colony survived because of John Smith who established discipline in the colony and John Rolfe who discovered how to plant tobacco & the strong relationship he developed with the Native Americans Virginia Grows and Changes Over 15 years, population grew Developed a House of Burgess, America’s first Legislative, law-making body Began the practice of indentured servitude, servant who agree to work for a certain number of years in exchange for food, shelter, and paid trip By late 1600’s plantation owners began to use slave labor Reading Focus Question #2 Did the English succeed in creating settlements? Yes; Jamestown colony survived diseases and food shortages; growing tobacco helped economy to survive The Northern Colonies Some Protestants (Puritans) did not feel the Reformation went far enough & wanted Religious freedom Set sail for America in 1620 on the Mayflower to establish a colony where they could practie their religion freely Landed in Massachusetts Signed the Mayflower Compact, a legal contract in which they agreed to make laws to protect the general good First attempt at self-government in the colonies Pilgrims sailed nearby and established the Plymouth Colony Built homes and grew their own food By Spring half of the group died of hunger, cold, and sickness Massachusetts Bay Company Puritan settlers set up The Massachusetts Bay Company Goals were to make a profit and create a religious haven Over 20 years, 16,000 people migrated to Massachusetts Reading Focus Question #3 What were the Characteristics of the northern colonies? Settled by the Puritans, goals were to make a profit and establish a religious haven, beginnings of self-government New Colonies Connecticut Rhode Island Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts to set up a more democratic government Established by Roger Williams because he believed that church and state should be separate, befriended the Native Americans and paid them for their land New Hampshire Established by Anne Hutchinson’s brother-in-law The Middle and Southern Colonies Because Knig Charles had debts, he began to give charter to individuals he owed These colonies were ruled by their owners New Netherlands Becomes New York After the English captured New Netherlands from the Dutch, King James gave it to his bother, James, Duke of York Was renamed New York Was diverse in ethnicities and religions (English, Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans, French, Native Americans, and Africans) James later gave a large piece of land south of the Hudson river to two individuals, it became known as New Jersey The Carolina’s and Georgia Charles gave the land that became the Carolinas to a group of eight men Southern Carolina became rice plantations along the river, economy relied on slave labor Northern Carolina consisted of small farms Eventually the two parts resented each other so much, the King separated them Spanish still controlled the southeast (Florida) and west English created Georgia as a colony as a buffer Quakers Settle Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was given to William Penn as a payment for debt Set up PA as a “Holy Experiment”, a haven for religious diversity, payment to Native Americans for their land Maryland Set up as a colony for Catholics Reading Focus Question #4 What were the characteristics of the middle and Southern Colonies? Typified by large plantations, such as South Carolina, or small farms, such as North Carolina Section 3: Colonial Life Main Idea: The American colonies developed politically, culturally, and economically Bell Ringer Why did Molasses matter? To American colonists, Molasses was a vital item. The sticky, sweet syrup, byproduct of sugar processing was used as a sweetener in cakes and pies, and was used to make rum, the most popular drink in the colonies. Most of the colonies’ sugar and molasses came from the Caribbean. With the Molasses Act of 1733, Parliament imposed stiff taxes on “foreign” sugar to force the colonists to buy from the British West Indies. Instead, colonists bought from smugglers. Smuggling of sugar and molasses was so successful that tax collection actually dropped after the passage of the Molasses Act. Review Questions Why was Molasses an important import for the America Colonies? Why did Parliament impose tax on sugar from islands not controlled by Britain? The Beginning of SelfGovernment Britain had started colonies to make money, so it made sense to tax the colonists Great Britain passed a series of laws that angered American colonists Mercantilism: the idea that a nation’s power was directly related to its wealth (however, colonists wanted to make money for themselves, not the king) The Navigation Acts: a series of laws to restrict colonial trade Role of Royal Governors: The king merged colonies together and appointed a governor in an attempt to gain greater control of the colonies Colonial Self-Government Initially, American colonists claimed the same rights as British citizens Began to take small steps toward selfgovernment In 1643, several colonies formed the New England Confederation British did not rule the colonies very closely “salutary neglect” The colonies benefitted from being left alone In daily life, local officials were more important than faraway British officials New England colonies were rule by town meetings or other local governments Each colony also had a Governor appointed by the king Colonial assemblies were modeled after British Parliament Bi-cameral (two houses) Governor’s council held executive and legislative powers, and was the supreme court of the colony Elected assembly was similar to the House of Commons, had freedom of speech, and the right to pass laws about money Reading Focus Question #1 How did the political and economic events lead to the beginnings of self-government in the colonies? Tensions between America and England made colonists long for self-rule; royal governors and salutary neglect made it necessary for colonists to take steps toward self-government The Northeast Colonial Economy Colonists in the Northeast practiced subsistence farming (producing only enough to support one family) Most valuable resource in the northeast was lumber Exported lumber and became the center for ship building Good harbors, and shipbuilding centers made the northeast become important trading centers Southern Colonial Economies Economy was based on agrarianism, many small farms and some large plantations Plantations produced cash crops, agricultural products grown to be sold Crops included tobacco, rice, tar, and indigo On Plantations: Large farm that grows one cash crop such as sugar or tobacco Depended largely on slavery for labor Plantations created a wealth class in the south On small farms: Raised livestock and exported beef and pork Grew corn, wheat, fruit and vegetables to sell at a local markets The Impact of Slavery As settlers established plantations and farms they needed more workers Stopped using Native Americans and indentured servants and began to rely on slaves instead Triangular Trade Whale oil, lumber, fur, rice, silk, indigo, sugar, molasses to England Slaves from Africa to Americas, gold, ivory, spices and hardwoods from Africa to England Guns, cloth, iron, beer, rum, iron, gunpowder, and tools to Africa Middle Passage: the trip across the Atlantic Kidnapped Africans were chained together, in overcrowded conditions and shipped overseas Many died during the trip The number of slaves dramatically increased in the Americas within 50 years of the slave trade Although there was slavery in both the North & South, most was in the south African slaves maintained extended family structure, African beliefs, music, and dance America’s Emerging Culture The Enlightenment Period of time in which some thinkers in Europe thought that logic & reason could be used to improve society law and government John Locke wrote The Two Treatises of Government in which he argued that it was the duty of the government to protect citizen’s natural rights of life, liberty, and prosperity Baron de Montesquieu believed in separating the powers of the government to prevent any person or group from becoming too powerful Ideas of Montesquieu and Locke were read by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and other drafters of the constitution. Ideas were used in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution The Great Awakening Enlightenment thinkers saw humans as essentially good. This challenged traditional religious ideas that people were wicked People began to question religion The Great Awakening was a major religious revival attempting to bring people back to the church Jonathan Edwards used sermons featuring the suffering of sinners who did not repent George Whitefield travelled to the Americas from Britain and held open air meetings intended to move audiences to feel the religious spirit (revivals) Life in the Colonies Immigrants from new places began to arrive Colonial cities were exciting places Paved streets, lit by streetlamps, had libraries, bookshops, and impressive public buildings Residents went to concerts, plays, and shopped Printers printed newspapers, books, advertisements, and political announements Reading Focus #3 How did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening contribute to America’s emerging culture? The Enlightenment encouraged scientific, rational thinking The Great Awakening made religion more accessible to Americans and caused church membership & attendance to grow The French & Indian War France and Spain had colonies in the Americas as well Britain, France, and Spain had conflicts over land which led to the French & Indian War French joined with the Indians had a history of fur trading & joined together to fight the British The Course of the War The French & Indian War broke out in 1754 Beginning of the war was bad for the British William Pitt took control of the British Army Forced colonists to fight, seized supplies, forced colonists to house British soldiers Resulted in the recapture of previously seized British forts Britain attacked and captured Quebec in 1759 France surrendered the following year Treaty of Paris officially ended the war The Impact of the French & Indian War Colonial Unity Set the stage for the American Revolution Benjamin Franklin created the Albany Plan of Union in which a grand council would deal with military issues, Native Americans, and western settlement while colonies maintained their own constitution New Boundaries Great Britain gained all of France’s lands east of the Mississippi including Canada and Florida from Spain which was France’s ally during the war Spain got Louisiana from France War debt The war was costly for Great Britain King George III believed the colonists should have to pay for some of the costs and raised taxes Effects on Native Americans Chief Pontiac creates an alliance of Midwest Native Americans to drive the British out Pontiac’s rebellion lasted several years and ended in 1766 in a peace treaty To avoid further conflicts with Native Americans, British officials issued the Proclamation of 1763 Reserved lands west of the Appalachian mountains for the Native Americans Colonists resented the ban and moved westward anyway Reading Focus Question #4 What were the causes and effects of the French and Indian War? Causes: territorial disputes among Britain, France, and Spain Effects: France lost territory in North America, Britain gained territory, Britain lost money, the colonies were more united, the Native Americans suffered