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The Age
of
Exploration
Chapter 13
I. Reasons for Exploration
“God, Glory, Gold!”
• GOD: Missionary Effort
– Cultural Superiority, convert the
“Savages”
– Spread of Catholicism in America
I. Reasons for Exploration
• GLORY
– Spirit of Adventure
– Claim to Fame
– Power of Kings & Queens
Spanish Cross flag, “Cross of Burgundy”
I. Reasons for Exploration
• GOLD: Economic Gain
– Spices and goods from Asia
– Euros want to eliminate middle-man
• Who?
– Precious metals: gold & silver
• What gives these their value?
II. The First Exploring Nations
• PORTUGAL
– Traders find gold on e. coast of Africa
– Bartholomeu Diaz
• Sails around s. tip of Africa
– Vasco De Gama
• Rounds tip of Africa, sails to India
• Takes on a cargo of spices
• Returns home, makes huge profit!!!
– What’s next?
II. The First Exploring Nations
• PORTUGAL (cont.)
– Send huge fleet of ships to India
• Attack Muslim controlled shipping
• Defeat Indian Navy, est. Melaka
– Melaka
• Portuguese port city in India
• Used to launch expeditions to China,
“Spice Islands”
• Portuguese never able to colonize. Why?
II. The First Exploring Nations
• SPAIN
– Christopher Columbus (Italian)
• Said India could be reached by sailing
west
• Queen Isabella of Spain funds trip
• Lands in Cuba in 1492
– Spain is now a player in game of
exploration
II. The First Exploring Nations
• TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
– Between Spain and Portugal
– Used to claim unexplored territory
– Line placed in Atlantic Ocean
• “Line of Demarcation”
• West of line = Spain
• East of line = Portugal
III. The New World
• Amerigo Vespucci
– Italian captain, sailed for Portugal
– Made numerous trips to South America
– Origin of the name, America
III. The New World
• The Spanish Empire
– Hernan Cortez (Central America)
• Defeats the Aztec of central Mexico in 3
years
• Soon all of Mexico would be Spain’s
– Francisco Pizzaro (South America)
• Destroys the Incan empire in Peru
• Only Brazil could be claimed for
Portugal
III. The New World
• The Spanish Empire (cont.)
– Spanish colonize these lands for wealth
• Use natives as slaves to mine gold/silver
• Natives suffer disease, starvation,
beatings, and death
• Entire Native culture is destroyed
IV. Economics of Exploration
•
Move from mining to farming
–
•
Plantation agriculture; first sugar,
then tobacco & cotton
Columbian Exchange
–
–
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Between Old World, New World
Extensive swap of plants & animals
Impacts?
•
Move from mining to farming
IV. Economics of Exploration
•
More Countries Get Involved
–
–
Spanish in Philippines (late 1500s)
English
•
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in India (1600s) America (1620s)
Holland
•
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East & West India Trading Co. (1595)
French (c.1600)
•
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Canada, Louisiana
rivalry w/ England pushes out Dutch
IV. Economics of Exploration
•
Mercantilism
–
Economic system that said a nation
needed large supply of gold & silver
Believed in favorable balance of trade
–
•
–
Export more than you import
Gov’ts stimulate export industries,
place tariffs on goods
•
What is the role of the colonies?
IV. Economics of Exploration
•
Triangular Trade
–
From America
•
•
–
To Europe = raw materials
To Africa = iron, gunpowder, rum
From Europe to Africa, America
•
–
Manufactured goods (luxuries)
From Africa
•
•
To Europe = Gold, Ivory, Spices
To America = Slaves (Middle
Passage)
IV. Economics of Exploration
•
African Slave Trade
–
Causes in America
•
•
•
–
New land to be cultivated
Native died out or were killed
Africans forced to work plantations
Effects in Africa
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Families torn apart
Decrease in population
Self enslavement/ internal warfare
begins
V. European Expansion in Asia
•
Southeast Asia
–
–
Fairly stable before European arrival
European influence differed in
different regions
Malay & Indochina
–
•
•
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Islam spread through trade
Portuguese seize Melaka
Spice Islands (Moluccas)
•
Dutch political and military control
V. European Expansion in Asia
•
Southeast Asia (cont.)
–
Mainland States
•
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Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia
Able to unite & force Europeans out
Limited economic opportunities
Strong political identities, monarchies
Result: Little European influence
V. European Expansion in Asia
•
China
–
Ming Dynasty (1338-1664)
•
Efficient government
–
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Bureaucracy, civil service exams
Epidemic, peasant revolt cause fall
Qing Dynasty (1664-1911)
•
•
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European Missionaries, Trade
Lotus Rebellion, suppressed, but…
Opposition to British trade,
Isolationism
V. European Expansion in Asia
•
Japan
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Tokugawa rulers unite island by 1600
European traders arrive
•
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Portuguese first to arrive
Initially welcomed by rulers
Catholic missionaries destroy shrines
Missionaries expelled, Japanese
Christians persecuted
Japanese Isolationism until 1853