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End of the Golden Age After the golden age, Greece entered a period of struggle Athens declined in POWER Bitter competition between the city-states of Greece persisted Macedon was a rising kingdom in northern Greece Macedon They were a war-like people who lived in villages Each village was governed by local nobles Kings ruled only with the HELP of nobles 359BC a young man named Philip II of Macedon became King Philip II of Macedon In his youth he had been a hostage in Thebes for three years! He had come to admire the Greek ways He learned about the organization of the Thebes army Philip II of Macedon Macedonia had relied on nobles to supply troops for the army Phillip did NOT want to rely on others to secure his rule He recruited and organized the bestdisciplined army in Macedonia history Phillip organized his infantry into phalanxes which idea he borrowed from the Greeks Philip’s Phalanxes Phalanx: contained rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder They carried pikes, or heavy spears, up to about 18 feet long Tightly spaced, with pikes forward, these soldiers were especially effective against cavalry charges Phillip’s Goals Philip’s first goal was to restore order in Macedon Philip then won control of several Athenian colonies Philip then turned his attention to the heartland of Greece Greeks had differing views of Philip Some saw him as a savior who could unify Greece Others felt that he threatened their freedom Demosthenes One of Athens finest orators, or public speakers, was Demosthenes He led Athenian opposition to Philip II He attacked Philip in a series of speeches Tried to use speeches in turning Athens against Phillip City-states failed to follow Athens lead, Philip’s army defeated them one-by-one Philip defeated Thebes and Athens at the battle of Chaeronea Uniting Greece under his rule with that victory Philip II of Macedon Philip organized city-states into a league and planned to invade Persia Philip never achieved this goal In 336BC Philip was assassinated Philip’s 20 year-old son, Alexander, succeeded him He became known as Alexander the Great Philip of Macedon's Empire Alexander the Great Alexander received the best training and education possible He received military training in the Macedonian army He received his formal education from Greek philosopher Aristotle This prepared Alexander well for leadership Alexander the Great Alexander was even more skilled than his father as a military commander He was physically strong and brave He showed courage in battle and won the loyalty of his troops Troops were willing to follow him into unknown lands Alexander the Great Alexander crushed the rebellions that broke out in Greece after his fathers death He then began his quest to conquer the world By 331 BC he had completely destroyed Persia Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia His goal was to bring all of the known world into one empire Alexander got as far east as the Indus River in India Troops got sick of fighting and Alexander had to turn back to Persia The Empire of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander led his troops to the India Ocean He split his army there, half his army traveled west by sea Alexander led the rest of his troops across the desert back to Persia Many of his men died from exposure and lack of food and water Alexander the Great By 323 BC discontent spread throughout the empire Alexander, in Babylon, became seriously ill He struggled with a raging fever for 10 days He later died that year, he was not yet 33 years-old Beginnings of the Hellenistic World In 13 years, Alexander almost NEVER lost a battle He conquered most of the known world in that brief of time Alexander purposely spread Greek culture wherever his armies marched He founded numerous cities, many which he named Alexandria in his honor Greeks and Macedonians settled in each of these cities The Spread of Greek Culture Under Alexander’s leadership, Macedonia, Greeks, and Persians often worked together to govern the empire This enabled Alexander to rule his empire more efficiently To set an example, Alexander married TWO Persian noblewomen He aimed to bring Greeks and Persians together in a single culture Hellenistic Culture Alexander failed to achieve his dream of world rule His reign spread culture throughout much of the world No longer purely Hellenic, or Greek, this new “Greek-like” way of life became known as the Hellenistic culture Combined ideas and values drawn from the Mediterranean and Asia Thrived from the time of Alexander’s death and the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC Hellenistic Culture The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Greek culture to many areas, including the Nile Valley, Southwest Asia, and the lands that bordered India Greek ways influenced these areas long after his death Ideas from these lands changed Greek culture at home Hellenistic World Many people prospered from the growth of trade in the Hellenistic world Trade was based in major cities Alexandria, Egypt—the biggest Hellenistic city—became a leading commercial center Also contained a library that had thousands of papyrus scrolls that held the Hellenistic world’s knowledge and literature Hellenistic World Trade routes linked the Hellenistic world Education became more widespread Hellenistic women gained new rights regarding property and appeared more in public Another major change centered on a new idea of what it meant to be Greek A Hellenized Egyptian or Syrian was considered “Greek” More of the world had become “Greek” through the spread of culture Religion And Philosophy Greeks concept of the polis declined Many people turned to new religions and philosophies Focused on people’s need for a sense of belonging Hellenistic kings in Egypt and in Asia encouraged the practice of ruler-worship Filled people with a new sense of civic duty as the polis was replaced by that of the monarch Looked to authority figures for guidance Hellenistic Religions Many turned to mystery religions—cults that introduced worshippers to secret teachings or mysteries Rituals of the mystery religions provided members with a feeling of unity, security, and personal worth Some turned to philosophy in search of understanding Hellenistic Philosophy Hellenistic philosophers were mainly concerned with ethics Four chief schools of philosophy existed: 1. Cynicism 2. Skepticism 3. Stoicism 4. Epicureanism Hellenistic Philosophy Cynics taught that people should live simply and naturally, without regard for pleasure, wealth, or social status Most well known cynic was Diogenes Skeptics believed that because the universe is always changing, all knowledge is uncertain Accept this fact and receive peace of mind Pyrrho is credited as the founder of Skepticism Stoic philosophy Zeno established the Stoic philosophy Believed that divine reason directs the world People should accept their fate without complaint Believed that every person had some “spark” of the divine within People could achieve happiness only by following this spark Greatly influenced Roman and Christian thinking Epicurean Philosophy Epicurus was the founder of Epicurean philosophy Taught that the aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain People should limit their desires This was the best way to avoid suffering Science and Mathematics in the Hellenistic Age Euclid contributed extremely important work to the development of geometry He showed how geometric statements flow logically from one another His Elements is the basis for many of today’s geometry books Science and Mathematics in the Hellenistic Age Probably the greatest scientist of the Hellenistic period was Archimedes He calculated the value of pi The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter He used mathematics to explain how levers work Invented many machines, including the compound pulley Invented Archimedes screw which draws water upward Still used today Archimedes inventions Medicine in the Hellenistic Age Alexandria, Egypt was the center of medical science Hellenistic doctors learned from the Egyptian art of embalming to examine and catalog parts of the human body Alexandrian doctors examined the bodies of executed criminals Herophilus concluded that the brain is the center of the nervous system Science and Mathematics in the Hellenistic Age They used principles of geometry to track the movements of stars and planets Aristarchus correctly believed that the earth and other planets moved around the sun BUT failed to convince others Hipparchus used trigonometry to predict eclipses used the sun and moon to calculate the length of the year Science and Mathematics in the Hellenistic Age Hellenistic geographers knew the earth was round Eratosthenes calculated the distance around the earth with amazing accuracy Did so by finding the angle of the sun’s rays from different points on the globe He was considered one of the most brilliant mathematicians and astronomers of his time He headed the great library of Alexandria