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Chapter 5
 The Sea
 Ionian and Aegean Seas
 Traders; no natural resources
 The Land
 Mountains in 3/4ths
 Trouble uniting
 Desire for more living space
 The Climate
 Mediterranean
 Supported outdoor activities
 Outdoor Town Halls
 First people of
Greece
 Located on island of
Crete
 Seafaring/traders
 Sophisticated
civilization
 Mainland Greeks – Indo-Europeans
 Mycenae – main city
 Fortified city -Withstand any attack
 Dominated by Warrior-
Kings
 Agamemnon
 Warlike raiding kingdoms
 Minoan Influence-after
1500 BCE – writing,
seaborne trade, art,
religion, politics
 10 yr. war – Trojan
Prince (Paris)
kidnaps wife of
Greek king (Helen)
 Mainland Greeks
sail to Troy – Trojan
Horse
 Mycenean
civilization
collapses shortly
after this- invasions
 Invaders move into Greece
 Dorian's take
Peloponnesus
 Economy/trade collapse
 No writing
 Less advanced than
Mycenaeans
 Oral History – Homer and
the Iliad – blind poet
 Arete –
Virtue and excellence Could display in war
or athletics
In Homer’s stories
 Myths
 Stories about their
gods – from Homer
and Hesiod
Understand nature and
human passions
 Polis – a city state –
political unit by 750
BCE – often <10,000 people
 Acropolis – fortified
hilltop where citizens
gather to discuss gov’t
 Aristocracy
 Small group of nobles
 Tyranny
 One tyrant controls all
 Different definition than
today – not harsh/cruel
 Oligarchy
 Rule by a few powerful
land owners
 Wealthy
 Monarchy
 King rules
 Democracy emerges
 Draco – 621 bce – legal code –
equality, harsh (death, slavery)
 Solon – 594 bce (outlawed slavery)
4 social classes, assembly, any citizen
could bring charges
 Cleisthenes – 500 bce – grouped citizens
into 10 groups based on where they lived
rather than wealth, all citizens could
submit laws for debate/passage, Council of
500 (chosen by lottery, proposed laws,
counceled assembly)
 Only free adult male property owners
born in Athens were citizens
 600-371 bce most powerful Greek army -
Control of peasants
 Assembly elects officials, Council of
Elders proposed laws, kings control
military
 Put Sparta First
 Value duty, strength, and discipline
 Toughness and obedience, not education
 Did not value individual expression – art,
literature, etc.
 3 Classes
 Citizens (landowners), non-citizens
(commerce) and slaves (peasants)
 Men
 Active in politics
 Military weaker
 Education important –
free thought
 Wealthy boys learned to
read/write and play
sports, debate
 Women
 Manage house, children
 Some learned to
read/write
 Girls – little education,
not citizens
 Men
 Only men born in
Sparta were Citizens
 Boys lived in army
barracks from 7-30
 “Spartan”
 Women
 Not citizens
 Allowed to own land &
businesses
 Some military training
 Iron weapons - cheaper
 Ordinary citizens had
weapons/fought
 Phalanx
 Hoplites
 Greeks Vs. Persians
 Persian empire invades
 Battle at Marathon 490 bce
 Athens routs Persian army
 Phiedippidies “rejoice, we
conquer”
 Battle at Thermopylae 480 bce
(Xerxes invades, Greeks divided)
7000 Greeks, including 300
Spartans, temporarily block
Xerxes’ men – all die, but
Spartans’ bravery impacts Greeks
Athens fights Xerxes at sea
Persians on the defensive
Delian League – led by Athens, Greek city-states unite
against Persian empire – 200 city-states
Athens uses it’s newfound power to control all of
Greece – wealth and military
Athens enters a golden age
of creativity (we will discuss this
later in more detail)
 Athens vs. Sparta 431 bce
 Sparta wins, partly due to a “plague” that kills 1/3
of Athenian population
 421 bce truce signed, 415 bce Athens sends 20,000
soldiers to Sicily (ally of Sparta) – Athens
defeated, 404 bce Athens surrenders to Sparta
 City-states divided and weakened, nearby
kingdom of Macedonia takes note
 Would you rather live in Sparta or Athens?
Explain your reasoning.
1. What is an oligarchy?
2. How do we know that the Mycenaean's
were warrior type people?
Using the information you have been given in your notes,
handout and the book. Compare and Contrast Sparta and
Athens using a Venn Diagram.
You must have at least 5 different aspects of life you are
comparing in each circle.