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Overview: Sparta CHW3M Social Structure Majority in Sparta are helots (slaves) Never more than 10,000 official citizens (adult males from citizen families) Government Because of the inequality of Sparta and the fact that helots outnumbered citizens by a wide margin, Sparta was not the democracy that Athens was Emphasis on order and keeping the helots under control Government Two kings Ephors one in charge of military, one in charge of gov’t 5 overseers elected each year by the citizens Decree punishments on citizens and can even arrest and prosecute kings Council of Elders (Gerousia) 28 aristocrats 60 and older Advised kings Government Assembly of Citizens All males over 30 Met monthly to debate legislation and vote on proposals No real voice in policy (can’t propose laws, decisions can be set aside) Helots Conquered people forced to work as slaves Most of the population (outnumbered citizens 20:1) Did all the work No rights Constant threat of revolt? Perioikoi Free non-citizens i.e. foreigners Tradesmen, craftsmen No political rights Taxed heavily and subject to military service Citizens Adult males (women and children have no political rights) Don’t work or trade Discouraged from amassing wealth Distracts from dedication to Sparta Citizens Boys removed from Spartan society at an early age to train to be warriors Adult males reside outside Sparta in Common Messes As a result, women dominate society in Sparta Can own property, participated in sports Conflict with Athens After cooperating to oust the Persians, relations between Athens and Sparta disintegrate Increasing tensions (based on Athenian attempts to dominate Greek trade and Spartan paranoia about Athens supporting a helot uprising) result in Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) The Peloponnesian War Athens is a naval superpower and is very wealthy Sparta has a highly effective land army of professional soldiers Athens, under Pericles, has built massive walls to defend itself, and figures they can hide behind their walls, surviving a prolonged siege by Sparta through supplies from their navy The Peloponnesian War Conditions behind Athens’ walls are cramped and unsanitary Less than a year into the war, a plague strikes the city, killing 1/3 of the population Nevertheless the war drags on Athens makes enemies by attacking other islands and colonies (Sicily in particular) Sparta allies themselves with Sicily and Persia The Peloponnesian War Thanks to their alliances, Sparta can now compete with Athens at sea Spartan/Persian fleet defeats Athenian navy in 405 BCE Sparta then blockades Athens Athens is defeated, their navy disbanded, their walls torn down More conflict But conflict between Greek city-states continues Spartan system begins to weaken Other city-states rise in prominence and resent Spartan domination of Greece The Decline of Sparta Fewer and fewer citizens Elite standards for babies Result of conflicts As few as 1,000 citizens now (early 4th century) Most of fighting now done by helots The Decline of Sparta With the defeat of Athens and the decline of Sparta, Thebes rises in prominence Becomes the dominant Greek city-state by the late Classical period War breaks out between Sparta and Thebes in 371 BCE Spartan army (mostly helots now) is outnumbered 3:1 Sparta is crushed Half their warriors are dead, their slaves are freed Sparta is done