Download Models of Software Evolution: Life Cycle Model

GIS Development: Step8 - Acquisition of HW & SW
Step9 - GIS System Integration
Step10 - Application Development
Step11 - GIS Use & DB Maintenance
(Source: GIS AsiaPacific, June/July & August/September 1998; and
New York State Archives GIS Development Guides)
Faculty of Computer Science
University of Indonesia
Dr. Aniati Murni
Copyright ©AniatiMurni
GIS Development Cycle
Needs
Assessment
Conceptual
Design
Available
Data Survey
The GIS development cycle is based on the philosophy that
one first decides what the GIS should do and then as a
second activity decides on how the GIS will accomplish
each task.
Database
Planning
and Design
GIS
System
Integration
Pilot /
Benchmark
HW and
SW Survey
Database
Construction
Acquisition of
GIS HW and
SW
Application
Development
GIS Use and
Database
Maintenance
2
Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW


This step includes the final selection of the
hardware and software (by competitive bid in
response to a Request For Proposal - RFP), the
delivery and installation of the hardware
and software, space renovation, wiring, and
environment modeling.
This step is the actual purchase of the GIS
hardware and software. It should be looking for
the best value for our money, not the
lowest cost, and no politicking.
3
Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW

The system configuration consists of various devices
that will be networked together to support data
capture, storage, processing and display in both digital
and hard copy forms, including (a sample of hw
specifications):

mapping analysis workstations (2);

color printer (1);

black and white laser printer (1);

cartridge tape / CD driver (1);

color raster plotter (1).
If it is required, network and communications
specifications should also be included.
4
Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW


The GIS hardware and software should provide full functionality for
entry, editing, maintenance, analysis, display, and hard copy
output of both graphics and tabular data on a continuous and
interactive basis.
Software component capabilities can be grouped into the following
functional categories:

Database structure;
• Data display / output;

User interface;
• Application development;

Data entry;

Data editing/maintenance;
• Operating System requirements.

Data query and analysis;
5
Step 8: Acquisition of GIS HW and SW






Data Query and
Analysis:
Graphic Data Query
Area / Perimeter /
Distance Calculation
Attribute Data Query
Spatial Aggregation
Polygon Overlay
 Database Structure:

•
• Menu Design and Custome
Feature Type (PLA &
Text)
•
Application Development
Data Storage (double
• Programming Features
precision of x and y
• Support High-Level (4GL)
coordinates)
•
Application Development:
Data Type (support
Programming
•
Subroutine Library
multiple graphics and
non-graphic data type)
•
Database Organization
(DBMS, Relational)
6
Step9 - GIS System Integration



The vendors responsible for providing the organization
with one integrated system (software and hardware).
The user responsibles for building a master database
or library (database integration) and integrating the
database with the GIS hardware and software.
System integration:
Editing
Delivered
Data
Database
System
Integration
Hardware
System
Integration
Network
Software
7
Step 10: GIS Application Development


”Application” is a general term covering all things that “go
on” in a GIS.
There are 3 types of application:



Database applications: These are all the functions needed to
create, edit, build, and maintain the database, which should be
under the control of a database administrator (process can be
carried out by GIS system staff or the users).
User applications: GIS can provide many simple applications
(e.g. map display, data query, etc.).
More complex applications: specific application which needs to
be developed using a macro-programming language (e.g. Avenue
in ArcView).
8
Step 10: GIS Application Development
Application development is not rewriting the GIS
software, but instead custom application to meet
specific needs.



Simple application such as display, query, map display can be
satisfied by the normal functionality that is included in most
commercial GIS.
Complex application may require development using the GIS
macro programming language.
In complex application development may require additional
techniques including structural analysis and programming
and rapid prototyping.
9
Step 10: GIS Application Development
Data Objects Identified
During Needs Assessment
Preparation of Data Model
Life Cycle of a GIS Database:
Source Documents
Match Needed Data to
Available Data and Sources
Prepared Detailed
Database Plan
Source Documents: Maps,
Images, Air Photos, etc.
Survey and Evaluation
of Available Data
Create Initial Metadata
Map and Tabular
Data Conversion
Add Record Retention
Schedules to Metadata
Database QA/QC Editing
GIS Database
Continuing GIS
Database Maintenance
Archives
(courtesy of New York State Archives)
Database Backups
10
Step 10: GIS Application Development
Database Applications:

Database set up (part of system integration);

Database management;

Database maintenance;

Data archiving and retention.
11
Step 10: GIS Application Development
Menu Generator
Facility
Script /Macro
Language
Facility
DialogInputTitikTabelOpen
‘tampilkan dialog DialogInputTitikTabel tepat di tengah layar’
AVUpperLeft = av.ReturnOrigin
AVCenter = avUpperLeft + (av.ReturnExtent / (2@2)
halfDialogWidthHeight = self.ReturnExtent.ReturnSize / (2@2)
MovePoint = AVCenter - halfDialogWidthHeight
self.MoveTo(MovePoint.GetX,MovePoint.GetY)
12
Step 10: GIS Application Development
Kawasan Industri Palawija di Lampung Utara
Upper
Slope
Plateau
or
Terrace
Lower
Deep
Rise
Slope
Ocean
13
Step 11: System Use And Maintenance



Most GIS database are very dynamic, changing almost
daily.
Users will immediately think of additional applications
that they would like to have developed.
Formal procedures for all maintenance and updating
activities need to be created and followed by GIS
system staff and users to ensure continued successful
operations of the GIS.
14
Step 11: System Use And Maintenance

GIS and Database
Overview of GIS
Maintenance
System Enhancement
Request
Database Expansion
Routine System
Maintenance
Additional Functionality
HW and SW Upgrades
New Tech. (GPS)
Additional Attributes
New entities
Expanded Spatial Extent
Problem/Error
Bug Fixes
Database Updating
Benefits
GIS can do more (satisfy)
Additional sharing (data)
Improved performance
Costs
Cost of enhancement
GIS & user staff retraining
More for GIS staff
System down time
15