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Introduction
Zachary G. Ives
University of Pennsylvania
CIS 550 – Database & Information Systems
September 9, 2004
Some slide content courtesy of Susan Davidson & Raghu Ramakrishnan
Welcome to CIS 550,
Database and Information Systems!
Instructor: Zachary Ives, zives@cis
 576 Levine Hall North
 Office hours: Tuesday, 3:00-4:00PM (after class)
TA: T.J. Green, tjgreen@cis
 Office hours: Thursday, 3:00-4:00PM
Newsgroup: upenn.cis.cis550
Home page: www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/cis550/
Texts and readings:
 Ramakrishnan & Gerke, Database Systems, 3rd ed.
 Supplementary papers (to be handed out in class)
 Other books may be useful, esp. Brundage’s Using XQuery
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Course Format and Grading
 Roughly one major topic area per week to two weeks
 Readings in the text & research papers
 Occasionally, summaries/commentary on papers (5%)
 Homework assignment for each topic area (30%)
 One midterm (10%), one final exam (20%)
 Project (30%) – groups of 3-4:
 Build a “GMail”/Hotmail clone on top of a database, or
 Build a P2P system for synchronizing tables
 (Or propose your own idea)
 General participation, discussion, intangibles (5%)
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Why This Course?
Most CS courses concentrate on code – our
interest is managing and representing data
Warning: this course doesn’t focus on teaching SQL or
how to be an Oracle DBA (though it will get you started)
… So what in the world are we studying for 14
weeks???
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What Do We Do with Data?
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Some Ways to Represent Information
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Example: An Encyclopedia Entry
(www.wikipedia.com)
 A database is an information set with a regular structure. Its frontend allows data access, searching and sorting routines. Its back-end
affords data inputting and updating. A database is usually but not
necessarily stored in some machine-readable format accessed by a
computer. There are a wide variety of databases, from simple tables
stored in a single file to very large databases with many millions of
records, stored in rooms full of disk drives or other peripheral
electronic storage devices.
 Databases resembling modern versions were first developed in the
1960s. A pioneer in the field was Charles Bachman.
 The most useful way of classifying databases is by the
programming model associated with the database. Several models
have been in wide use for some time. Historically, the hierarchical
model was implemented first, then the network model, then the
relational model overcame with the so-called flat model
accompanying it for low-end usage…
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Example: To-Do List




Buy school supplies
Go to orientation
Exercise
Buy Philly postcards
due 9/7
on 9/7
every M/W/F
How does this differ from the plain text model?
What might you do with it that you couldn’t?
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Example:Your PDA/Cell Phone
Calendar
Event Day
Lunch 10/24
Advice 10/25
Biking 10/26
Dinner 10/26
When
1pm
9am
9am
6PM
Contacts
Who
Zack
Dr. Smith
Jane
Phone
6-2789
6-1234
543-2198
Who
Zack
Dr. Smith
Jane
Jane
Email
zives
drsmith
jane
Where
Cavanaugh’s
599 Levine
Pottruck
Food Court
Office
576 Levine N
599 Levine
2220 Walnut St.
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What If We Want to Include Contact
Info on Our Calendar?
 Do we also want to keep e-mail addresses, telephone
numbers etc.?
 Should we expand the number of columns in our table:
Event When Who-name
Lunch 1pm
Zack
…
Who-email
zives
Who-tel …. Where
6-2789 …. Cav…
What is the trade-off in terms of entering data?
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“Link” Calendar with Contacts?
 Why can’t we “link” calendar entries with contact
info, and show the results of the two?
 The link could be based on something as simple as
the person's name
 (What’s the danger here? What else might work
better?)
 This brings up an issue – how to “follow links”
 If we were to do this in Java, how might it be done?
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Another Kind of Link: Classes and
Subclasses
 Person has attributes:






ssn
PennID
set of user IDs
given name
family name
…
 Student IS A person who:




takes courses
is given grades
is taught
listens to lectures in class, OR over the Web, OR on videotape
 This is yet another kind of information
 How have you previously seen such relationships encoded?
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Data Representation and Modeling
 All of the data we’ve seen have an implicit data model
The data model includes some basic assumptions about what’s
an “item” of data, how to interpret it, and so on
 The relational data model was the first model for data
that is independent of its data structures and
implementation
 A theory of normalization guides you in designing relations
 Concepts from the relational data model have been adapted to
form object-oriented data models (with classes and subclasses),
XML models, etc.
 There are “sibling” fields to databases that consider:
 natural language models (how to understand words)
 document models (how to match words and documents)
 ontologies (how to define relationships between classes)
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The DBMS Provides an Interface
over the Database
 A database (DB) is a large, integrated collection of data
 Generally is cohesive in “some” way
 A DB models a real-world organization or unit
 A database management system (DBMS) is a software
package designed to store and manage databases
 Reliable storage & recovery of 100s of GB
 Querying/updating interface and API (for applications and Web
pages)
 Support for many concurrent users
 Why do we need a DBMS, instead of coding in Java?
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DBMS Benefit #1: Generality and
Declarativity
 Don’t require the programmer or user to know
details like indices, sort orders, machine
speeds, disk speeds, concurrent users, etc.
 Instead, the programmer/user programs with a
logical model in mind
 The DBMS “makes it happen” based on an
understanding of relative costs of different
methods
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Benefit #2: Efficiency and Scale
 Size of personal address book is probably less
than 100 entries, but there are things we'd like
to do quickly and efficiently:
 “Give me all appointments on 10/28”
 “When am I next meeting Jim?”
 “Program” these as quickly as possible (and
make them resilient to data format changes)
 Scale to a corporate calendar with hundreds of
thousands of entries
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Benefit #3: Management of
Concurrency and Reliability
 Suppose other people are allowed access to
your calendar and are allowed to modify it?
How do we stop two people changing the file at
the same time and leaving it in a physical (or
logical) mess?
 Suppose the system crashes while we are
changing the calendar. How do we recover our
work?
 This requires a basic concept…
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Transactions
 Key concept for concurrency is that of a
transaction : an atomic sequence of database
actions (read/write) on data items (e.g. calendar
entry).
 Key concept for recoverability is that of a log:
keeping track of all actions carried out by the db.
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The Layers of the DBMS
API/GUI
(Simplification!)
Query
Optimizer
Stats
Physical plan
Exec. Engine
Catalog
Schemas Data/etc
Logging, recovery
Requests
Index/file/rec Mgr
Data/etc
Requests
Buffer Mgr
Pages
Pages
Storage Mgr
Data
Red = logical
Blue = physical
Requests
Storage
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The Database Abstraction
Provided by the DBMS
We think of databases at two levels:
 Logical structure:
 What users/programmers see – program or query interface
 Physical structure:
 Organization on disk, indices, etc.
The logical level is further split into:
 Overall database design (conceptual; seen by the DB
designer)
 Views that various users get to see
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The Three-level Architecture for
Databases
View 1
View 2
Schema
…
View N
Logical,
Conceptual Level
Physical Level
(file organization,
indexing)
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Data Independence
A user of a relational database system should
be able to use the database without knowing
about how the precisely how data is stored, e.g.
SELECT When, Where
FROM Calendar
WHERE Who = “Jane"
After all, you don't worry IEEE floating-point
when you do division in a Java program or with
a calculator
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More on Data Independence
Logical data independence
Protects the user from changes in the logical
structure of the data:
could reorganize the calendar “schema” without changing
how we query it
Physical data independence
Protects the user from changes in the physical
structure of data:
could add an index on who (or sort by when) without
changing how the user would write the query, but the query
would execute faster (query optimization)
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Presentation Layer (4th Tier):
Data-Driven Web Sites
HTML
view
Processing
 “Data driven web sites” also add an HTML
“presentation” layer on top of what we’ve seen
 Or they use XML plus “style sheets” to get the same
effect
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An Issue: 80% of the World’s
Data is Not in a DB!
Examples:
 scientific data
(large images, complex programs that analyze the data)
 personal data
 WWW and email
(some of it is stored in something resembling a DBMS)
Data management is expanding to tackle these problems
 Flexibility – data management imposes many constraints to make
problems solvable
 Must deal with entities outside our control
In this course, we’ll start by focusing on databases, but
eventually look “outside the box” at the Web and at
gluing together data from many places
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Combining Databases with Mediators
(a kind of middleware)
“Mediated Schema”
XML
A layer above the three-tiered architecture, to combine
multiple databases/sources on the Web
 Some of these are databases over which we have no control
 Some must be accessed in special ways
 We generally need to think about how to translate between
different database formats
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How Does One Build a Database?
 Start with a conceptual model
 Design & implement schema
 Write applications using DBMS and other tools
 Many ways of doing this where the hard problems are
taken care of by other people (DBMS, API writers,
library authors, web server, etc.)
 Common applications include PHP/JSP/servletdriven web sites
 The DBMS takes care of query optimization and
execution
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Conceptual Design
fid
PROFESSOR
name
Teaches
STUDENT
sid
name
COURSE
Takes
cid
name
semester
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Designing a Schema (Set of Relations)
STUDENT
COURSE
Takes
sid
name
sid
cid
cid
name
sem
1
Jill
1
550-0103
550-0103
DB
F03
2
Bo
1
700-1003
700-1003
AI
S03
3
Maya
3
500-0103
501-0103
Arch
F03
 Convert to tables +
constraints
 Then need to do “physical”
design: the layout on disk,
indices, etc.
PROFESSOR
Teaches
fid
name
fid
cid
1
Ives
1
550-0103
2
Saul
2
700-1003
8
Roth
8
501-0103
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Applications Use Queries in SQL
 Structured Query Language
 Based on restricted first-order logic expressions over relations
 Not procedural – defines constraints on the output
 Converted into a query plan that exploits properties; run over the
data by the query optimizer and query execution engine
<html>
<body>
<!-- hypotheticalEmbeddedSQL:
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT, Takes, COURSE
WHERE STUDENT.sid = Takes.sID
AND Takes.cID = cid
-->
</body>
</html>
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Processing the Query
Web Server /
UI / etc
Hash
STUDENT
Optimizer
Takes
by cid
Execution
Engine
Merge
COURSE
by cid
Storage
Subsystem
SELECT *
FROM STUDENT, Takes, COURSE
WHERE STUDENT.sid = Takes.sID
AND Takes.cID = cid
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DBMSs in the Real World
A huge industry for 20% of the world’s data!
 Big, mature relational databases
 IBM, Oracle, Microsoft
 “Middleware” above these
 SAP, PeopleSoft, dozens of special-purpose apps
 “Application servers”
 Integration and warehousing systems
 Current trends:
 Web services; XML everywhere
 Smarter, self-tuning systems
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So What about Database Research?
 Not focusing on the problems of Oracle…
 Understanding what’s possible to do with XML
 Better query processing
 Better languages for meta-info (e.g., constraints)




Data streams
Peer-to-peer architectures
Integrating data from different formats
Lots of theory and systems-building
 You’ll see familiar concepts in this course from operating
systems and from complexity theory/logic
 … And from programming languages, AI planning, …
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In this Course...
 Study relational databases, their design, how to
query, what forms of indices to use.
 Beyond relational algebra: a logical model of
data (Datalog), recursion
 XML and semi-structured data models
 Understanding DB internals
 How DBs are built
 Performance implications
 Integrating and mediating between databases
(a huge problem today)
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