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Information Systems Lecture 11,12,13 IT Fundamentals (Database Management Systems) & (Telecommunications & Networks) By Farhan Mir Lecture Administration • Comments on Assignment 1 • Database Management Systems – – – – – – – Basic Concepts Traditional File Based Environment Database Approach Components of a Database System Types of Databases New Trends in Databases Management Issues Basic Concepts • Data the starting point in Information Systems • Data Management – Data basically stored in the form of files and databases – Data Management Hierarchy • Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database – Issues • • • • • • • • Content Access Organization Accuracy Integrity Security Privacy Cost • Design (in the light of above issues) – User Interface File Based Systems – Data properly identified and understood when stored in a file (e.g. Customer File, Invoice) – In File processing, data is physically arranged/organized in files – Display Terminals Started the concept of handling data in files – Working of File based system • Application Program & Data Files • File management software – Issues • • • • Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or more files) Data Redundancy Data Updation Slow Processing – Advantages • In-expensive • Simple to use Database Management • The need to access data quickly • A collection of software designed to provide a complete approach to organize and access organizational data • Flexible access • Independent Files may be utilized to generate new reports • Example of a Bank Customer asking queries regarding his various accounts • Database Environment – Users, Programmers, Application Programs, Database, Utility Programs • User Interface – Example of Oracle (developer) Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages – – – – – – Flexibility Faster Response Multiple Access Less Storage Integrity Overall Management • Disadvantages – High Cost • Initial purchase cost • Hardware Requirements • Professionals – Complexity – Disaster & Recovery issues Database Management for Larger Systems • Large Database Environment – – – – – Increased Complexity Transactional Data and Networking Needs Experts Needed to develop and maintain the databases Multiple Users Security Requirements • Database Administration – Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs. – Database Administrator (who actually creates & maintain database, interacts with users & participants to evaluate needs) • Relational Databases Relational Databases…. • Independent Tables • Relationship through primary & secondary keys • SQL – Select – Project – Join • • • • • Authorization Compatibility with Existing Applications Database Security Data Dictionaries Distributed Databases New Trends in Databases • Object Oriented – Objects – Reusability – Advance needs of Software Engineering • Multimedia – Merchandising – Training – Education • Image Processing • Outside Database Providers References • Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 7 • Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapter 7 Telecommunication & Networks • Telecommunication and Networks • Networking Hardware & Software & Connecting Media • Internet, Intranet and Extranet • Internet & E-Commerce • Electronic Communications • Management Issues Telecommunication & Networks • Telecommunication – Sending of information in any form (voice,data,text,graphics) from one place to another using electronic and light-media • Traditional stand-alone systems Vs. Interorganizational systems. – The Need for employees to work collaboratively – Time • Instant/quick information requests – Geographical needs – Alliances • EDI – Processing Needs • Distributed Environment – Sharing • The systems and system resources Telecommunication & Networks • Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business – Organizational Collaboration – Information Exchange – Business Communication • Formal & Informal – E-Commerce – Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend) • Example: System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery • Another Example: Idea Generators in Fashion Design Industry • Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance Learning) • The Need for Protocols – File Transfer – Sharing Resources Telecommunication • Telecommunication Model – – – – – Terminals Telecommunication Processors Telecommunication Channels Computers Control Software • Types – – – – LAN WAN Intranets/Extranets Client/Server Networks Networking Hardware, Software & Connecting Media • Hardware – – – – – – – LAN Cards Modems Multiplexers Switches Routers Hubs Exchanges • Software – – – – O/S Web Browsers Middleware Security • Encryption Networking Hardware, Software & Connecting Media • Media – Cables • Coaxial • Twisted-Pair • Fiber Optics – Satellite – Microwave – Cellular Phone • Topologies – – – – Single-line Star Ring Bus Internet & E-Commerce • Internet – Network of Networks – Expansion Rate (Web Presence & Users) – Most Common Utilization • • • • • Communication Data Interchange Information Retrieval News & Discussion Platform And ofcourse new business horizon • E-Commerce – E-Transactions, E-Business – Set of integrated activities • Simply having a good website will not guarantee success – Web Presence a key characteristics • Information regarding Organizational Products/Services • Mechanism for secure transactions E-Commerce • Types of E-Commerce – B2C (Business to Consumer) – B2B (Business to Business) • Business Transformation – The Need to develop e-strategies • Example: CRM (Customer Relation Management) – The New Way of marketing • Interactive Marketing • One-one customer relationship • The Need for E-Commerce – Customer Interaction – Customized services (Multiple Services through single Channel at same time) – Bypassing traditional intermediaries E-Commerce…. • E-Commerce Essentials – Merchant Systems • Online Shopping Mall • Payment Systems – Wallets (online payments activities) – Live Payments – Security Checks – Publishing Systems – Community Systems • Memberships • Funds & Payments activities • The Current Picture – The Bubble Burst – Failure & Success Stories – E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive? Management Concerns • The Need for Network – Requirement Analysis • Size of Organization and activities • Business needs – Alliances – Geographical operations – Integration & Control • Hardware/Software Choice • Vendor Selection – ISPs, Communication Media Vendors • Telecommunication & Networking Issues – Security • Telecommunication devices and the access – Privacy – Maintenance • Keeping the blood flowing in the Network • Question regarding new technologies and Disaster recovery Concerns…. • Structural Changes • Cultural Changes – The issues of face-to-face interaction – To Cope with faster pace of activities • The need to respond accurately and precisely on the right time • Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer • Backup Issues – You can’t simply rely on the Continuity of the Network – Need to develop alternatives • Both in the context of technology and strategies – Many Factors • Failure of Technology • Inability of the Users • Special Situations References • Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 8 • Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapters 5&6 • James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5, 6, 7