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Database
Design Methodology
Lesson 1:
Introduction to Databases
Objectives
• List database types (e.g., flat file, relational), and
identify their uses and architectures
• Describe the types of database management
system (DBMS), and explain the benefits and
limitations of each DBMS type
• Analyze and select appropriate database designs,
and identify the solution that addresses the
application needs
What Is
a Database?
• File-based databases
– Flat-file databases
• The evolution of databases
Relational Databases
and DBMSs
•
•
•
•
•
Relational databases
Structured Query Language
Database administrator
Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
Choosing the correct database type
The Origins of
Relational Databases
• Codd first proposed the relational data
model in 1970
• System R
• Development of SQL
• INGRES
• IBM UK Scientific Center
Summary
 List database types (e.g., flat file, relational), and
identify their uses and architectures
 Describe the types of database management
system (DBMS), and explain the benefits and
limitations of each DBMS type
 Analyze and select appropriate database designs,
and identify the solution that addresses the
application needs
Lesson 2:
Relational
Database Fundamentals
Objectives
• Define common database architectures (e.g.,
single, multi-tier)
• Describe the function of Structured Query
Language (SQL), including language
subsets
• Describe the function of Data Definition
Language (DDL)
• Describe the function of Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
Objectives (cont’d)
• Describe the function of Data Control
Language (DCL)
• Define essential database concepts and
terms, including relation, relation name,
table, row, column, value, relational algebra,
data modeling, data relationship
• Explain the concepts of attribute, degree,
tuple and cardinality
Objectives (cont’d)
• Define entities, including strong entities,
weak entities
• List characteristics of relations (e.g.,
column characteristics, row characteristics)
• Describe table types (e.g., base tables,
virtual tables)
• Distinguish between primary and foreign
keys, including null value, composite key
• Explain data models in relational databases
Objectives (cont’d)
• Describe common database relationships
(e.g., one to one, one to many, many to
many) and identify the notation for such
relationships (e.g., 1:n)
• Define relational integrity concepts,
including domain constraints, entity and
referential integrity views
• Explain the structure and purpose of a data
dictionary
Multitier
Database Architecture
• Two-tier client-server architecture
– Fat client
• Three-tier client-server architecture
– Thin client
• n-tier architecture
Relational
Model Terminology
• Relational data
structure
• Rows (tuples)
• Columns
(attributes)
•
•
•
•
Domains
Degrees
Cardinality
Normalization
Using Tables
to Represent Data
•
•
•
•
•
Entities
Characteristics of relations
Types of tables
Primary keys
Foreign keys
Data
Models
• Components
– Structural information
– Manipulative information
– Integrity information
Entities and
Data Relationships
• Entity-relationship (ER) modeling
• Strong entities
• Weak entities
Relational Integrity
•
•
•
•
Domain constraints
Entity integrity
Referential integrity
Views
Database Languages
•
•
•
•
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Data Control Language
Data dictionaries
Summary
Define common database architectures (e.g.,
single, multi-tier)
Describe the function of Structured Query
Language (SQL), including language
subsets
Describe the function of Data Definition
Language (DDL)
Describe the function of Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
Summary (cont’d)
Describe the function of Data Control
Language (DCL)
Define essential database concepts and
terms, including relation, relation name,
table, row, column, value, relational algebra,
data modeling, data relationship
Explain the concepts of attribute, degree,
tuple and cardinality
Summary (cont’d)
Define entities, including strong entities,
weak entities
List characteristics of relations (e.g.,
column characteristics, row characteristics)
Describe table types (e.g., base tables,
virtual tables)
Distinguish between primary and foreign
keys, including null value, composite key
Explain data models in relational databases
Summary (cont’d)
Describe common database relationships
(e.g., one to one, one to many, many to
many) and identify the notation for such
relationships (e.g., 1:n)
Define relational integrity concepts,
including domain constraints, entity and
referential integrity views
Explain the structure and purpose of a data
dictionary
Lesson 3:
Database Planning
Objectives
• Describe the elements of a database planning
strategy (e.g., defining the scope of a database
application)
• List the necessary steps for creating a database
requirements document, including conducting
interviews, noting project constraints, identifying
the precise duties of the database, creating a
database design document
Objectives (cont’d)
• Explain the importance of data modeling and
entity relationship diagrams during the planning
stage (e.g., define the concept of an entityrelationship [ER] diagram)
• Create a database prototype
• Describe the purpose of database application
testing, including white-box testing, black-box
testing
Objectives (cont’d)
• List the criteria for selecting a database
management system and an application interface
• Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating entities,
applying normalization, selecting a database
management system (DBMS)
Database Design Life Cycle
• Create a database
strategy
• Define database
application scope
• Create a database
requirements document
• Design the database
• Select a DBMS
• Design the database
application
• Create database
prototypes
• Test the database
application
• Implement the
database
application
• Convert legacy
data
• Maintain the
database
Database
Requirements Document
• Conducting interviews
• Requirements document information
Selecting a DBMS
• Selection criteria
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Data definition functionality
Physical criteria
Access criteria
Transactions
Utilities
Development tools
Miscellaneous features
Selecting an
Application Interface
GUI considerations
– Descriptive page titles
– Clear instructions
– Consistent grouping of
input fields
– Logically labeled fields
– Consistent color use
– Properly sized data
entry fields
– Logical cursor
movement
– Error messages
– Clearly indicated
optional fields
– Completion message
Summary
Describe the elements of a database
planning strategy (e.g., defining the scope
of a database application)
List the necessary steps for creating a
database requirements document, including
conducting interviews, noting project
constraints, identifying the precise duties of
the database, creating a database design
document
Summary (cont’d)
Explain the importance of data modeling
and entity relationship diagrams during the
planning stage (e.g., define the concept of
an entity-relationship [ER] diagram)
Create a database prototype
Describe the purpose of database
application testing, including white-box
testing, black-box testing
Summary (cont’d)
List the criteria for selecting a database
management system and an application
interface
Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Lesson 4:
Overview of Database
Design Methodology
Objectives
• List the steps of the conceptual design phase
(e.g., identifying entities, attribute domains,
relationships)
• Describe how to identify entities
• List ways to identify attributes and attribute
domains for entities
Objectives (cont’d)
• List ways to identify candidate and primary
keys for entities
• Identify and determine data relationships
• Create an entity-relationship (ER) diagram
• Analyze an entity-relationship (ER)
diagram or model to determine relation
types
Objectives (cont’d)
• Define and describe domains
• Explain the results of poor database design,
and describe insertion, deletion and update
anomalies in databases
• Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Effects of
Poor Database Design
• Insertion anomalies
• Deletion anomalies
• Update anomalies
Database
Design Phases
• Conceptual phase
• Logical phase
• Physical phase
Conceptual
Database Design
• Identifying entities
• Identifying attributes and attribute domains for
entities
• Identifying relationships
• Identifying candidate and primary keys for entities
• Creating an entity-relationship (ER) diagram
• Reviewing the ER model by the user and design
team
Entity-Relationship Models
•
•
•
•
Creating ER models
Defining domains
Common SQL data types
Determining data relationships
– Recursive relationships
Summary
List the steps of the conceptual design phase
(e.g., identifying entities, attribute domains,
relationships)
Describe how to identify entities
List ways to identify attributes and attribute
domains for entities
Summary (cont’d)
List ways to identify candidate and primary
keys for entities
Identify and determine data relationships
Create an entity-relationship (ER) diagram
Analyze an entity-relationship (ER)
diagram or model to determine relation
types
Summary (cont’d)
Define and describe domains
Explain the results of poor database design,
and describe insertion, deletion and update
anomalies in databases
Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Lesson 5:
Normalization
Objectives
• Distinguish between specific normal forms,
including first normal form (1NF), second
normal form (2NF), third normal form
(3NF), Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)
• Describe the normalization process
• Define and explain determinant,
decomposition and functional dependency
Objectives (cont’d)
• Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
What Is Normalization?
• Normal forms
• First normal form
– First normal form anomalies
• Second normal form
– Second normal form anomalies
• Third normal form
• Boyce-Codd normal form
Related Concepts
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•
•
•
•
Decomposition
Atomic value
Partial functional dependency
Transitive dependency
Denormalization
Summary
Distinguish between specific normal forms,
including first normal form (1NF), second
normal form (2NF), third normal form
(3NF), Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)
Describe the normalization process
Define and explain determinant,
decomposition and functional dependency
Summary (cont’d)
Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Lesson 6:
Logical Database Design
Objectives
• Explain the structure and purpose of a data
dictionary
• Identify logical database design issues
• List the steps of the logical database design
phase (e.g., creating a raw data model;
identifying and documenting entities,
attributes, relationships, domains, and
candidate and primary keys)
Objectives (cont’d)
• Identify the cardinality of data relationships
• Identify and resolve inexpedient data
relationships
• Create an integrated logical data model
from a conceptual data model
• Use Data Definition Language (DDL)
Objectives (cont’d)
• Validate a logical data model against user
operations and system requirements
• Define integrity constraints (e.g., necessary
data, domain constraints, entity integrity,
referential integrity)
• Create corporate and enterprise data models
based on user views of data
Objectives (cont’d)
• Validate the enterprise data model
• Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Logical
Database Design
• Logical data models
– One-to-one
– One-to-many
– Many-to-many
Creating a
Logical Data Model
Logical data model creation
Logical data model creation
Normalization
Normalization
Data model refinement
Data model refinement
Using a Database
Definition Language
• Data dictionaries
• Validating the logical data model
Defining
Integrity Constraints
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•
•
•
•
Necessary data
Domain constraints
Entity integrity
Referential integrity
Enterprise constraints
Creating an
Enterprise Data Model
• User views
• Normalization
• Validating data operations
Summary
Explain the structure and purpose of a data
dictionary
Identify logical database design issues
List the steps of the logical database design
phase (e.g., creating a raw data model;
identifying and documenting entities,
attributes, relationships, domains, and
candidate and primary keys)
Summary (cont’d)
Identify the cardinality of data relationships
Identify and resolve inexpedient data
relationships
Create an integrated logical data model
from a conceptual data model
Use Data Definition Language (DDL)
Summary (cont’d)
Validate a logical data model against user
operations and system requirements
Define integrity constraints (e.g., necessary
data, domain constraints, entity integrity,
referential integrity)
Create corporate and enterprise data models
based on user views of data
Summary (cont’d)
Validate the enterprise data model
Describe database design steps, including
determining the proper steps in creating
entities, applying normalization, selecting a
database management system (DBMS)
Lesson 7:
Physical Database Design
Objectives
• List the elements of physical database
design
• Determine physical database design issues
• Describe how to create base relations for a
target database management system
(DBMS) using Data Definition Language
(DDL)
Objectives (cont’d)
• Identify and create enterprise constraints for
a target DBMS
• Define secondary indexes and determine
when to use them
• Create a base relation
• Identify referential constraints
Objectives (cont’d)
• Explain denormalization and describe when
it is necessary
• Create user views (e.g., the CREATE VIEW
SQL statement)
• Design database access rules
Objectives (cont’d)
• Use appropriate commands to create, insert
and retrieve data from a database table,
including the SELECT, CREATE TABLE
and CREATE VIEW statements
Physical
Database Design
• Creating base relations for a target DBMS
• Data Definition Language
Creating
Enterprise Constraints
• Determining referential constraints
Using
Secondary Indexes
• A secondary index is a mechanism that
creates an additional key for a relation
Denormalization
• The process of reuniting relations that were
split during the normalization process to
improve performance
Creating
User Views
• Determine the appropriate data to be
included with each particular view
Designing
Database Access Rules
• Identifiers
• Privileges
– SELECT
– UPDATE
– DELETE
Summary
List the elements of physical database
design
Determine physical database design issues
Describe how to create base relations for a
target database management system
(DBMS) using Data Definition Language
(DDL)
Summary (cont’d)
Identify and create enterprise constraints for
a target DBMS
Define secondary indexes and determine
when to use them
Create a base relation
Identify referential constraints
Summary (cont’d)
Explain denormalization and describe when
it is necessary
Create user views (e.g., the CREATE VIEW
SQL statement)
Design database access rules
Summary (cont’d)
Use appropriate commands to create, insert
and retrieve data from a database table,
including the SELECT, CREATE TABLE
and CREATE VIEW statements
Lesson 8:
Structured Query Language
Objectives
• Perform data manipulation
• Describe basic SQL syntax
• List data types used in SQL, including
SMALLINT, DECIMAL (p, q), CHAR(n)
and TIMESTAMP
• Define the term schema in relation to
databases
• Create a schema using the CREATE
SCHEMA statement
Objectives (cont’d)
• Drop schemas from a database using the
DROP SCHEMA statement
• Use appropriate commands to create, insert
and retrieve data from a database table,
including using the SELECT, CREATE
TABLE and CREATE VIEW statements
• Use the INSERT command appropriately
Objectives (cont’d)
• Use appropriate UPDATE and DELETE
statements to update or delete information
from a database, including working with
tuples
• Use the DISTINCT keyword
• Compose predicates and other statements
using the WHERE clause
Objectives (cont’d)
• Identify the use and structure of Boolean
operators
• Describe SQL special operators and
ORDER BY clauses (e.g., the IN,
BETWEEN and LIKE operators)
• Deploy the ORDER BY clause to order
output by column or group of columns
Objectives (cont’d)
• Retrieve data from relations using the
SELECT statement
• Create statements using the GRANT
keyword to control user access to relations
• Use the REVOKE keyword to limit access
SQL Basics
• Subsets of SQL
• SQL features
• Data types
Data
Definition Language
• Creating a schema
• Altering and dropping relations and views
Data
Manipulation Language
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•
•
•
•
•
Inserting values into relations
Deleting records from relations
Updating values in relations
Retrieving data from relations
Aliases
SQL special operators and ORDER BY
clauses
Data
Control Language
• Granting privileges
• Revoking privileges
Summary
Perform data manipulation
Describe basic SQL syntax
List data types used in SQL, including
SMALLINT, DECIMAL (p, q), CHAR9n)
and TIMESTAMP
Define the term schema in relation to
databases
Create a schema using the CREATE
SCHEMA statement
Summary (cont’d)
Drop schemas from a database using the
DROP SCHEMA statement
Use appropriate commands to create, insert
and retrieve data from a database table,
including using the SELECT, CREATE
TABLE and CREATE VIEW statements
Use the INSERT command appropriately
Summary (cont’d)
Use appropriate UPDATE and DELETE
statements to update or delete information
from a database, including working with
tuples
Use the DISTINCT keyword
Compose predicates and other statements
using the WHERE clause
Summary (cont’d)
Identify the use and structure of Boolean
operators
Describe SQL special operators and
ORDER BY clauses (e.g., the IN,
BETWEEN and LIKE operators)
Deploy the ORDER BY clause to order
output by column or group of columns
Summary (cont’d)
Retrieve data from relations using the
SELECT statement
Create statements using the GRANT
keyword to control user access to relations
Use the REVOKE keyword to limit access
Lesson 9:
Relational Algebra
Objectives
• Describe a selection operation
• Create a projection operation
• Explain and use a Cartesian product
operation
• Create unions
• Define a set difference operation
Objectives (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
Describe an intersection operation
Create a theta-join
Use a natural join
Create an equi-join
Create an outer join
Defining
Relational Algebra
• Selection
• Projection
• Cartesian
product
•
•
•
•
Union
Difference
Intersection
Joins
Summary
Describe a selection operation
Create a projection operation
Explain and use a Cartesian product
operation
Create unions
Define a set difference operation
Summary (cont’d)
Describe an intersection operation
Create a theta-join
Use a natural join
Create an equi-join
Create an outer join
Lesson 10:
Transactions and
Database Security
Objectives
• Define the concept of a transaction,
including use of the INSERT, DELETE and
UPDATE operations
• Identify the two results of a transaction
(commit and rollback)
• Describe the four desirable "ACID"
properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation,
durability)
Objectives (cont’d)
• Define serializability in relation to a DBMS
• List concurrency control methods, including
locking and timestamps
• Describe the steps involved in optimistic
concurrency control (e.g., reading,
validation, writing), including knowing
when and when not to use optimistic
concurrency control
Objectives (cont’d)
• Identify issues that can occur if concurrency
control is not enacted property (e.g., dirty
reads, lost and uncommitted updates,
unrepeatable query results)
• Identify issues and determine the scope of
database security (e.g., theft, privacy,
integrity control, availability)
Objectives (cont’d)
• List typical security threats to databases
• Describe database countermeasure and
protection techniques (e.g., encryption,
ways to create views)
Transactions
• Commit
• Rollback
• ACID properties
–
–
–
–
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
Concurrency Control
•
•
•
•
•
Lost updates
Uncommitted updates
Unrepeatable query results
Serializability
Concurrency control methods
– Locking
– Timestamps
• Optimistic concurrency control
Database
Security
• The scope of database security
• Types of security threats
• Types of protection techniques
Summary
Define the concept of a transaction,
including use of the INSERT, DELETE and
UPDATE operations
Identify the two results of a transaction
(commit and rollback)
Describe the four desirable "ACID"
properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation,
durability)
Summary (cont’d)
Define serializability in relation to a DBMS
List concurrency control methods, including
locking and timestamps
Describe the steps involved in optimistic
concurrency control (e.g., reading,
validation, writing), including knowing
when and when not to use optimistic
concurrency control
Summary (cont’d)
Identify issues that can occur if concurrency
control is not enacted property (e.g., dirty
reads, lost and uncommitted updates,
unrepeatable query results)
Identify issues and determine the scope of
database security (e.g., theft, privacy,
integrity control, availability)
Summary (cont’d)
List typical security threats to databases
Describe database countermeasure and
protection techniques (e.g., encryption,
ways to create views)
Database
Design Methodology
Introduction to Databases
Relational Database Fundamentals
Database Planning
Overview of Database Design Methodology
Normalization
Database
Design Methodology
Logical Database Design
Physical Database Design
Structured Query Language
Relational Algebra
Transactions and Database Security
Database Design Methodology
• For information about the CIW Database
Specialist exam and certification, visit
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