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MANAGING
INFORMATION RESOURCES
Andreas Rio, M.Eng.
[email protected]
Managing Information Resources
It explores the management of:
 Data
 Information
 Knowledge
DATA
Managing Data
Data is primarily facts about entities, such as
individual employees, customers, parts, or
transactions.
 Well-structured data records hold a set of
attributes that describe each entity.
 Database management systems (DBMSs) are
the main tools for managing these entities.

Managing Data
The Three Level
Database Model
The Three Level Database Model



Level 1 contains the various “user views" of the
corporate data.
Level 2 encompasses all an organization’s relevant data
under the control of the data administrators.
Level 3 specifies the way the data is physically stored.
The advantage of the model:
 Individual application programs in Level 1 do not need
to be changed when the physical layer (Level 3)
changes.
Database Environment
CASE
Tools
Repository
User
Interface
Application
Programs
DBMS
Database
Database Environment

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Tools
 Peranti
otomasi untuk perancangan database dan
program aplikasi

Repository
 Tempat
penyimpanan terpusat yang berisi definisi
data, hubungan data, format layar dan laporan, serta
komponen-komponen sistem lain
 Berisi metadata yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan
database dan komponen-komponen lain sistem
informasi
Contoh Metadata
Nama
Tipe
Panjang
Keterangan
NIP
Alphanumeric
5
Nomor pegawai
Nama
Alphanumeric
5
Nama pegawai
Gaji
Long
Gaji pegawai
Database Environment

Database Management System (DBMS)
 Software
yang ditujukan untuk mendefinisikan,
menciptakan, memelihara, dan menyediakan akses
terkontrol terhadap database dan repository
 Contoh DBMS: Microsoft Access, Visual FoxPro, Informix,
Oracle, dll
Contoh DBMS Access
Database Environment

Database
 Kumpulan
data yang saling terkait
 Perbedaan dengan repository:
 Repository
berisi definisi data
 Database berisi data
 Sebuah
database berisi kumpulan dari tabel
Contoh Database
Four Data Model
1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Relational Model
4. Object Model
Hierarchical Model


Each data element is subordinate to another in a
strict hierarchical manner.
It is like the boxes on an organization chart.
Hierarchical Model
Dosen
Siti Nurbaya
Pengantar
Basis Data
Rudi
Asti
Dosen
Ashadi
Pemrograman
C
Dina
Dina
Edi
Matematika I
Ita
Edi
Network Model

In the network model, each data item can have
more than one parent; assembly parts lists illustrate
this structure.
Network Model
Dosen
Siti Nurbaya
Pengantar
Basis Data
Rudi
Asti
Dosen
Ashadi
Pemrograman
C
Dina
Edi
Matematika I
Ita
Relational Model



In the relational model, it is up to the DBMS to find
the related items, based on the values of specified
data fields.
All employees of a certain department are found
by searching for the department number in each
employee record.
Relational systems allow people to create
relationships among data on the fly.
Relational Model



Merupakan model data
yang paling populer
saat ini
Menggunakan model
berupa tabel berdimensi
dua (yang disebut relasi
atau tabel)
Memakai kunci tamu
(foreign key) sebagai
penghubung dengan
tabel lain
Nama Dosen
Kelas
Mahasiswa
Siti Nurbaya
Pengantar
Basis Data
Rudi
Siti Nurbaya
Pengantar
Basis Data
Asti
Siti Nurbaya
Pengantar
Basis Data
Dina
Siti Nurbaya
Pemrograman
C
Dina
Siti Nurbaya
Pemrograman
C
Edi
Ashadi
Matematika I
Ita
Ashadi
Matematika I
Edi
Relational Model
NO_MHS
NAMA_MHS
KODE_MK
NAMA_MK
55
Ashadi
DB001
Pengantar Basis Data
56
Rina
DB001
Basis Data Lanjut
PI001
Teknik Multimedia
57
Budi
NO_MHS
KODE_MK
NILAI
55
DB001
A
55
PI001
B
56
DB001
B
57
DB001
A
57
DB001
A
Relational Model
Kardinalitas
Relasi atau
tabel
NO_MHS
KODE_MK
NILAI
55
DB001
A
55
PI001
B
56
DB001
B
57
DB001
A
57
DB001
A
Atribut atau kolom
Sebuah baris
atau tuple
Domain
NILAI (A, B,
C, D, E)
Relational Model

Beberapa sifat yang melekat dalam relasi:
 Tidak
ada baris yang kembar
 Urutan tupel tidak penting
 Setiap atribut memiliki nama yang unik
 Letak atribut bebas
 Setiap atribut memiliki nilai tunggal dan jenisnya sama
untuk semua baris
Object Model



The object model can be used to store any type of
data, whether a traditional name or address, an
entire spreadsheet, a video clip, a voice annotation,
a photograph, or a segment of music.
The tenets of objects have become increasingly
important in the world of computing.
They become even more important in the world of
Web Services because the XML modules utilize
object principles.
Object Model



Centers around objects and classes
Involves inheritance
Encapsulates both data and behavior
Object Model
Object Oriented
Class
Object
Association
Inheritance of attributes
Inheritance of behavior
EER
Entity type
Entity instance
Relationship
Inheritance of attributes
No representation of
behavior
Object-oriented modeling is frequently accomplished using the
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Object Model
UML class and
object diagrams
Class diagram
showing two
classes
Class diagram shows the static structure of an object-oriented model: object classes,
internal structure, relationships.
CASE STUDY
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Mosanto Company
Enterprise Resource Planning
1. Clean up Data Definitions
2. Control Shared Data
3. Manage Data Distribution
4. Maintain Data Quality
Enterprise Resource Planning
Case Study: Monsanto Company
Enterprise Resource Planning
Monsanto established 3 large enterprise wide IT projects:
1.
2.
3.
To redevelop operational and financial transaction
systems using SAP
To develop a knowledge-management
architecture, including data warehousing
To link transaction and decision support systems via
common master data, known as enterprise
reference data (ERD)
Enterprise Resource Planning




They created a distributed SAP architecture, with separate
instances of SAP for reference data, finance, and operations in
each business unit.
The master reference data integrates these distributed
components.
To convert SAP data to knowledge, Monsanto used data
warehouses. The sole source of master data is the ERD, but the
data can be distributed wherever it is needed.
To get corporate data in shape, Monsanto created a
department called ERD Stewardship to set data standards and
enforce quality.
INFORMATION
Four Types of Information
• Data warehouses address internal and external record-based data.
• Document management and content management address internal and external documentbased data.
Data Warehouse



Data warehouses house data used to make
decisions.
The data is generally obtained periodically from
transaction databases, thus presenting a snapshot at
a point in time.
The most common data warehoused is customer
data, used to discover how to more effectively
market to current customers as well as non-customers
with the same characteristics.
Document Management
1.
2.
3.
To improve the publishing process
To support communications among people and
groups
To support organizational processes
Document Management



Even in today’s Internet-rich world, paper still plays
a major role in most enterprises.
There is also a need to move seamlessly between
digital and printed versions of documents; hence,
the importance of document management.
The field of electronic document management (EDM)
uses new technologies to manage information
resources that do not fit easily into traditional
databases.
Document Management
1. To improve the publishing process
Case Study:
HICSS Personal Proceeding



A month before the conference, participants can use
a Web site to choose 20 papers they would like to
have in their personal paper proceedings.
The papers are printed on a Xerox Docutech
machine with their name on the cover, and delivered
to them at the conference.
Additional papers can be printed individually at
the conference, on demand.
Document Management
2. To support communications among people and
groups
Case Study:
Tapiola Insurance Group


This Finnish insurance group formerly offered 150
kinds of insurance policies and had 300 different
insurance policy forms—half in Swedish and half in
Finnish—because both are official languages in
Finland.
The policy forms were preprinted by an outside
print shop. To personalize the forms and cut costs,
Tapiola brought the process in-house and defined
just four forms, which are printed on demand.
Document Management
3. To support organizational process
Case Study:
Tennessee Valley Authority




The nuclear division of this large U.S. power supplier
revamped its maintenance management system.
TVA spends more than $48 million a year creating
maintenance work orders and then planning and
performing the work.
One plant alone processes 14,000 work orders a year.
The new process electronically combined maintenance
orders in one system with procedural document
management in another system
Case Study:
Tennessee Valley Authority


Work orders are generated electronically and then
routed for approval, with the most current drawings
and procedures electronically attached.
The documents are indexed by, so maintenance
people can review past activity and better plan for
the future.
KNOWLEDGE
Content Management
3 Phases Content Management
1. Content Creation and Acquisition
2. Content Administration and Safeguarding
3. Content Deployment and Presentation
Content Creation and Acquisition



Content creation and acquisition need to focus on
creating content quality.
The best organizational structure is to distribute
content creation and maintenance to content-expert
employees.
But to avoid anarchy, these dispersed experts
should be directed centrally, and use centrallycreated formats and an automated workflow
system that moves their work along.
Content Administration & Safeguarding



The emphasis in this phase, like any operational
phase, is efficiency.
Content management tools can be used to identify
types of content and the business rules that apply to
each type.
While content creation should be distributed,
content administration should be centralized.
Content Deployment & Presentation


The emphasis in this phase should be effectiveness:
presenting the content so that it attracts visitors,
allows them to navigate the site easily, and leads them
to the desired actions.
Because this phase can determine the success of a
firm’s e-commerce efforts, it’s best to design a Web
site beginning with this phase, then move on to
ensuring content quality and processing efficiency.
Case Study: Eastman Chemical



This global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web
site in 1994.
It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more
customer-focused and to launch a major ecommerce program.
Eastman changed the Web site structure from
presenting an inside-out view (based on its
corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view
(with sections devoted to the markets the company
serves).
Case Study: Eastman Chemical


Customers report that the online availability of
technical data has significantly accelerated their
internal decision-making processes.
It’s now working on globalizing and personalizing
the site even more.
Case Study: Eastman Chemical



This global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web
site in 1994.
It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more
customer-focused and to launch a major ecommerce program.
Eastman changed the Web site structure from
presenting an inside-out view (based on its
corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view
(with sections devoted to the markets the company
serves).
Presentasi



http://www.consulting.xerox.com/casestudies/enus.html
http://www.sap.com/solutions/businesssuite/scm/customers/casestudies.epx
Background perusahaan, Situasi yang terjadi
sebelum implementasi, Solusi yang diterapkan, Hasil
yang didapat