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Oracle: A Relational Database
System (RDBMS)
Vandana Janeja
10th February 2004
For : Database Systems
22:198:603
Prof. Vijay Atluri
Adapted from material by Dr.Richard
Holowczak and Dr.Soon Chun
1
Outline
 Background
 SQL*PLUS
 SQL



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DDL
DML
DCL
Examples
2
Components
Oracle
Server
Front end
application
VB, Access,
Excel etc.
ODBC Driver
Oracle
Sybase
Access
Sybase
Server
Access
DB
Other details at: http://cimic.rutgers.edu/~holowcza/present/oracle97/index.htm
3
Core Database Engine
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ORACLE RDBMS (Oracle Universal server)
Integrated Data Dictionary: manage tables owned
by all users in a system
SQL: language to access and manipulate data
PL/SQL: a procedural extension to SQL language
4
Interface Tools to access data
 SQL*Plus: a command line interface
 Developer (Developer/2000): forms, reports,
and graphical interfaces
5
Connectivity
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SQL*Net and Net8: allow a Oracle client
machine to communicate with Oracle data
server
SQL*Connect and Oracle Gateways:
communicate a client machine to access nonoracle data on server machine
Oracle Server: receives requests from client
machines and submits them to Oracle RDBMS
Oracle ODBC drivers: connect software to
Oracle databases
6
SQL*Plus


Command line tool that process user’s SQL
statements
Requires Oracle account
DDL
Data Definition
DML
Data Manipulation
DCL
Data Control
SQL
7
Same as your pegasus password
Password: MBAgrad2004
8
Changing SQL*Plus password
passw command
Getting help
Help command
9
SQL*Plus Commands
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Example of SQL stmt: select * from tab;
describe <table name>
list : list current sql stmt
edit : edit current sql statement (or ! Editorname <filename>) where editor
name is vi or pico
input : add one or more lines to sqlplus buffer
spool : start directing output of sql statements to a file
spool off : turn the spool off
run (or /): execute the statement in the current buffer
save <filename.sql> : save current sql stmt to a file
get <filename.sql> : load sql statements into buffer
spool <filename>: send output from sql stmt to a file
start <filename.sql>: load script file with sql stmts and run them
help
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Typing a SQL command
Saving SQL command in a file
Editing SQL command in a file
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vi Editor
Executing the SQL command in a file
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Editing SQL command in a notepad
Copy and paste the command
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Basic vi primer
For more - “man vi”

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Esc key to toggle between edit and insert mode
<- -> down-arrow up-arrow arrow keys move the cursor
h j k l same as arrow keys
x delete a character
dw delete a word
dd delete a line
3dd delete 3 lines
u undo previous change
ZZ exit vi, saving changes
:q!CR quit, discarding changes
:wq write and save changes
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
 The standard query language for creating and manipulating and
controlling data in relational databases
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MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, etc.
specified by a command-line tool
or is embedded into a general purpose programming language, C, Pascal,
Java, Perl...
 Data Definition Language (DDL) Used to create (define) data
structures such as tables, indexes, clusters
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to store, retrieve
and update data from tables
 Data Control Language used to control the access to the
database objects created using DDL and DML
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SQL as Data Definition Language
 DDL is used to define the schema of the
database (a collection of database objects, e.g.
tables, views, indexes, sequences).
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Create, Drop or Alter a table
Create or Drop an Index
Define Integrity constraints
Define access privileges to users
Define access privileges on objects
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Create Table
17
Create, modify, drop Tables,
views, and sequences
CREATE TABLE employee
( emp_number char(4),
fname
VARCHAR2(8),
minit
VARCHAR2(2),
lname
VARCHAR2(9),
ssn
VARCHAR2(9) NOT NULL,
bdate
DATE,
address
VARCHAR2(27),
sex
VARCHAR2(1),
salary
NUMBER(7) NOT NULL,
superssn
VARCHAR2(9),
dno
NUMBER(1) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (emp_number)) ;
CREATE TABLE dependant (
Last_Name
d_last_name NOT NULL,
First_name
VARCHAR(18) NOT NULL,
Soc_Sec
d_soc_sec NOT NULL,
Date_of_Birth
DATE,
Employee_Soc_Sec
d_soc_sec NOT NULL );
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Data Types
 A table is made up of one or more columns
 Each column is given a name and a data type that
reflects the kind of data it will store.
 Oracle supports four basic data types
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CHAR
NUMBER
DATE
RAW.
There are also a few additional variations on the RAW
and CHAR data types.
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 VARCHAR2
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Character data type.
Can contain letters, numbers and punctuation.
The syntax : VARCHAR2(size) where size is the maximum
number of alphanumeric characters the column can hold.
In Oracle8, the maximum size of a VARCHAR2 column is
4,000 bytes.
 NUMBER
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Numeric data type.
Can contain integer or floating point numbers only.
The syntax : NUMBER(precision, scale) where precision is
the total size of the number including decimal point and scale
is the number of places to the right of the decimal.
For example, NUMBER(6,2) can hold a number between 999.99 and 999.99.
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 DATE –
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Date and Time data type.
Can contain a date and time portion in the format: DD-MON-YY HH:MI:SS.
No additional information needed when specifying the DATE data type.
the time of 00:00:00 is used as a default.
The output format of the date and time can be modified
 RAW –
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Free form binary data.
Can contain binary data up to 255 characters.
Data type LONG RAW can contain up to 2 gigabytes of binary data.
RAW and LONG RAW data cannot be indexed and can not be displayed or
queried in SQL*Plus.
Only one RAW column is allowed per table.
 LOB –
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Large Object data types.
These include BLOB (Binary Large OBject) and CLOB (Character Large
OBject).
More than one LOB column can appear in a table.
These data types are the prefferred method for storing large objects such as text
documents (CLOB), images, or video (BLOB).
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Foreign Key
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Primary key
 CREATE TABLE order_header (
order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL,
order_date DATE,
sales_person VARCHAR(25),
bill_to VARCHAR(35),
bill_to_address VARCHAR(45),
bill_to_city VARCHAR(20),
bill_to_state VARCHAR(2),
bill_to_zip VARCHAR(10),
PRIMARY KEY (order_number) );
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Foreign key
 CREATE TABLE order_items (
order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL,
line_item NUMBER(4,0) NOT NULL,
part_number VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
quantity NUMBER(4,0),
PRIMARY KEY (order_number, line_item),
FORIEGN KEY (order_number)
REFERENCES order_header (order_number),
FOREIGN KEY (part_number)
REFERENCES parts (part_number) );
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Creating
indexes/views/sequences
 CREATE INDEX items_index ON order_items
(order_number, line_item) ASC ;
 drop index index_name
 create view emp_dno1 as
select fname, lname, deptno from emp where
deptno=4001
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Example : Create/ Drop Table
 CREATE TABLE emp_department_1 AS SELECT
fname, minit, lname, bdate FROM employee
WHERE dno = 1 ;
 create table high_pay_emp as
select * from employee where salary > 50000
 Drop table <table_name>
 Drop table high_pay_emp
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Other Constraints
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Specifying Constraints on
Columns and Tables
 Constraints on attributes:
 NOT NULL - Attribute may not take a NULL
value
 DEFAULT - Store a given default value i
 PRIMARY KEY - Indicate which
attribute(s) form the primary key
 FOREIGN KEY - Indicate which
attribute(s) form a foreign key.
 UNIQUE - Indicates which
attribute(s) must have unique
values.
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Referential Integrity
Constraint
 Specify the behavior for child tuples when a parent
tuple is modified.
 Action to take if referential integrity is violated:
 SET NULL - Child tuples foreign key is set to
NULL - Orphans.
 SET DEFAULT - Set the value of the foreign key
to some default value.
 CASCADE - Child tuples are updated (or
deleted) according to the action take on the
parent tuple.
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Example
CREATE TABLE order_items (
order_number
NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL,
line_item
NUMBER(4,0) NOT NULL,
part_number
VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
quantity
NUMBER(4,0),
PRIMARY KEY (order_number, line_item),
FORIEGN KEY (order_number)
REFERENCES order_header (order_number)
ON DELETE SET DEFAULT
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (part_number)
REFERENCES parts (part_number)
);
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Constraints with name
CREATE TABLE order_header (
order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL,
order_date DATE,
sales_person VARCHAR(25),
bill_to VARCHAR(35),
bill_to_address VARCHAR(45),
bill_to_city VARCHAR(20),
bill_to_state VARCHAR(2),
bill_to_zip VARCHAR(10),
CONSTRAINT order_header_pk
PRIMARY KEY (order_number) );
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Drop
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Removing Schema Components
with DROP
DROP TABLE table_name
DROP TABLE table_name CASCADE
DROP TABLE table_name RESTRICT
DROP INDEX index_name
DROP CONSTRAINT
table_name.constraint_name
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Alter
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Given a table - students
CREATE TABLE student (studentid NUMBER(5,0),
first_name VARCHAR2(25),
last_name Varchar2(10),
major VARCHAR2(15),
gpa NUMBER(6,3) default 4.0,
tutorid NUMBER(5,0),
home_phone varchar2(10));
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Changing Table Components
with ALTER
Changing Attributes:
ALTER TABLE student MODIFY last_name
VARCHAR(35);
alter table student modify gpa
NUMBER(6,3) default 0.0;
Adding Attributes:
ALTER TABLE student ADD admission DATE;
Removing Attributes (not widely implemented):
ALTER TABLE student DROP column
home_phone
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Syntax of commands
 alter table … add/modify …column
 create table tname ( colname, datatype, not null, ...);
 create table .. as <sql stmt>
 drop table tname
 create index <indexname> on tname (colname, colname);
 drop index <indexname>
 create sequence <seqname> increament by .. start with …maxvalue …
cycle;
 drop sequence
 create view <vname> as <sql select stment = select <colnames>
from tname where <condition> (read only, no insert, update or delete)
 drop view
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DML
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SQL DML
 commit
 delete
 insert
 rollback
 select
 update
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Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2, ... columnX)
VALUES (val1, val2, ... valX);
Examples:
INSERT INTO employee (first_name, last_name, street, city, state,
zip)
VALUES ("Buddy", "Rich", "123 Sticks Ln.", "Fillville", "TN",
"31212");
INSERT INTO stocks (symbol, close_date, close_price)
VALUES ("IBM", "03-JUN-94", 104.25);
INSERT INTO student_grades (student_id, test_name, score,
grade)
VALUES (101, "Quiz 1", 88, "B+");
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Delete and Update commands
 DELETE FROM <table name> WHERE
<where-clause>

If the WHERE clause is omitted, all rows in the table
will be deleted.
 UPDATE <table name> SET<column name>
= <expression> WHERE <where-clause>

UPDATE employee SET salary = salary * 1.03
WHERE dno = (SELECT dno FROM department
WHERE dname = 'MARKETING');
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DCL: Data Control Language
 Controlling Access to database objects such as
tables and views
 Example : Granting “Mary” the access to Table “student” (for inserting,
updating and deleting)
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GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Student TO Mary
GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
TO <grantee> [ <comma> <grantee> ... ]
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
WITH GRANT OPTION: allows the grantee to further grant privileges
Can be limited to a column of a table, Ex: GRANT UPDATE(name) ON
Student TO Mary
To revoke privileges : REVOKE
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A Bank Example
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Designing A Database - A Bank
Example
 A database to track their customers and accounts.
 Tables
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CUSTOMERS
Customer_Id, Name, Street, City, State, Zip
ACCOUNTS
Customer_Id, Account_Number, Account_Type,
Date_Opened, Balance

Customer_Id is the key for the CUSTOMERS table.

Account_Number is the key for the ACCOUNTS table.

Customer_Id in the ACCOUNTS table is called a Foreign Key
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Customer
Column
Customer_Id (Key)
Name
Street
City
State
Zip
Data Type
Integer
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Size
20
30
30
25
2
5
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Accounts
Column
Customer_Id (FK)
Account_Number (Key)
Account_Type
Date_Opened
Balance
Data Type Size
Integer
Integer
Character
Date
Real
20
15
2
12,2
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Example: Customer Table
Customer_Id
Name
Address City
State
Zip
1001
Mr. Smith
123 Lexington
Smithville
KY
91232
1002
Mrs. Jones
12 Davis Ave.
Smithville
KY
91232
1003
Mr. Axe
443 Grinder Ln.
Broadville
GA
81992
1004
Mr. & Mrs. Builder
661 Parker Rd.
Streetville
GA
81990
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Example: Accounts Table
Customer ID
Account_Number
Account_Type
Date Opened
Balance
1001
9987
Checking
10/12/89
4000.00
1001
9980
Savings
10/12/89
2000.00
1002
8811
Savings
01/05/92
1000.00
1003
4422
Checking
12/01/94
6000.00
1003
4433
Savings
12/01/94
9000.00
1004
3322
Savings
08/22/94
500.00
1004
1122
Checking
11/13/88
800.00
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Business Rules
 Business rules allow us to specify constraints on what
data can appear in tables and what operations can be
performed on data in tables. For example:
 An account balance can never be negative.
 A Customer can not be deleted if they have an
existing (open) account.
 Money can only be transferred from a "Savings"
account to a "Checking" account.
 Savings accounts with less than a $500 balance
incur a service charge.
 How do we enforce business rules ?
 Constraints on the database
 Applications
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Create, modify, drop Tables,
views, and sequences
CREATE TABLE employee
(fname
VARCHAR2(8),
minit
VARCHAR2(2),
lname
VARCHAR2(9),
ssn
VARCHAR2(9) NOT NULL,
bdate
DATE,
address
VARCHAR2(27),
sex
VARCHAR2(1),
salary
NUMBER(7) NOT NULL,
superssn
VARCHAR2(9),
dno
NUMBER(1) NOT NULL) ;
CREATE TABLE dependant (
Last_Name
d_last_name NOT NULL,
First_name
VARCHAR(18) NOT NULL,
Soc_Sec
d_soc_sec NOT NULL,
Date_of_Birth
DATE,
Employee_Soc_Sec
d_soc_sec NOT NULL );
51
More DML- the Select
command
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CREATE TABLE students (studentid NUMBER(5,0), name VARCHAR2(25), major
VARCHAR2(15), gpa NUMBER(6,3), tutorid NUMBER(5,0));
INSERT INTO students VALUES (101, 'Bill', 'CIS', 3.45, 102);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (102, 'Mary', 'CIS', 3.10, NULL);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (103, 'Sue', 'Marketing', 2.95, 102);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (104, 'Tom', 'Finance', 3.5, 106);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (105, 'Alex', 'CIS', 2.75, 106);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (106, 'Sam', 'Marketing', 3.25, 103);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (107, 'Jane', 'Finance', 2.90, 102);
Example table COURSES:
Create table courses(studentid NUMBER(5,0) NOT NULL, coursenumber
VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL, coursename VARCHAR2(25), semester VARCHAR2(10),
year NUMBER(4,0), grade VARCHAR2(2));
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'CIS3400', 'DBMS I', 'FALL', 1997, 'B+');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'CIS3100', 'OOP I', 'SPRING', 1999, 'A-');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'MKT3000', 'Marketing', 'FALL', 1997, 'A');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS3400', 'DBMS I', 'SPRING', 1997, 'A-');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS3500', 'Network I', 'SUMMER', 1997, 'B');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS4500', 'Network II', 'FALL', 1997, 'B+');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT3100', 'Advertizing', 'SPRING', 1998, 'A');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT3000', 'Marketing', 'FALL', 1997, 'A');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT4100', 'Marketing II', 'SUMMER', 1998, 'A-');
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StudentID Name Major
101
Bill
CIS
GPA TutorId
3.45 102
102
103
104
Mary
Sue
Tom
CIS
3.1
Marketing 2.95
Finance
3.5
102
106
105
106
107
Alex
Sam
Jane
CIS
2.75
Marketing 3.25
Finance
2.9
106
103
102
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Some queries
• Average GPA of all students
•SELECT AVG(gpa) FROM students; AVG(GPA) ---------- 3.12857143
• Average GPA of Finance and CIS
students:
• SELECT AVG(gpa) FROM students WHERE major = 'CIS' OR major =
'Finance'; AVG(GPA) ---------- 3.14
•Select all students whose major is CIS
•Select * from students where major =‘CIS’
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