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400x Cheek Cells 400x Bacterial Cells OnionCells Elodea Cells 400x CLASS WARM UP WHICH CELLS ARE PROKARYOTIC AND WHICH ARE EUKARYOTIC? HOW DO YOU KNOW? ‘ CELL ORGANIZATION Organelles specialized structure that performs important cellular functions “little organ” CELL WALL Type of Cell: Plant Prokaryotes (bacteria) Fungi Some protists Structure: Rigid outer layer of cell made of mainly carbs and some protein. Cellulose for plants. Chitin for fungi Peptidoglycan for bacteria. Function: Support Protection CELL MEMBRANE Type of Cells: All cells Structure: Fluid mosaic lipid bi-layer Function: cell membrane animation Control movement in and out of cell Selectively permeable – only let certain substances in and out of the cell Barrier from outside environment CYTOPLASM Types of Cells: All cells Function: Structure: Clear, thick jelly-like material Support cellular organelles Move nutrients in cell CYTOSKELETON A network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm Consists of Microtubules & Microfilaments MICROFILAMENTS Types of Cells: All Cells Structure: Twisted chain of proteins Thinnest protein fibers in the cell Function: Help maintain shape and supports the cell cause cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells MICROTUBULES Types of Cells: Eukaryotic Structure Hollow tubes made of Protein Function Facilitate the movement of vesicles Motor proteins CILIA & FLAGELLA (TYPES OF MICROTUBULES THAT ARE ONLY FOUND IN CERTAIN TYPES PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS) Cilia Structure: Tiny hair-like projections on the outside of certain cells Function: Moves materials around the outside of the cell Ex: cells found in the lining of the trachea (windpipe) Moves mucus and dirt out of the lungs Flagella Structure: Long whip-like tail Function: Moves the cell Ex: sperm cells CENTRIOLES (MADE OF MICROTUBULES) Cell Type: Only animals cells Structure: Cylinder shape Made of 9 sets of 3 microtubules Function: •Involved in forming the mitotic spindle during cell division •Chromosomes attach to spindle and separate properly NUCLEUS Types of Cells: Eukaryotic Cells (Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist) Structure: Large, oval shape Near center Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear pores (holes) Function: Contains and protects genetic information (DNA) Controls the cell WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELLS DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL? ct er 0% Fu ng i 0% ia 0% Ba 0% t D. Pl an C. al B. Animal Plant Bacteria Fungi An im A. WHERE IS DNA LOCATED IN A EUKARYOTIC CELL? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTROL MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL? 0% 0% op l Cy t Ce ll m em br an e as m 0% l 0% al D. Ce ll w C. us B. Nucleus Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nu c le A. WHAT ORGANELLE IS THIS? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosome 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Types of Cells: All cells Inside nucleus in eukaryotic cells or in middle of prokaryotic cells Structure: Double helix of nucleic acids DNA is coiled to form chromatin and wound up even more into organized packages of DNA called chromosomes Function: Genetic information (“blueprint of life”) Contains the code for making proteins NUCLEOLUS Types of Cells: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: Small round structure inside the nucleus Function: Makes ribosomes DNA IS LOCATED IN WHAT KIND OF CELLS? ov e ab ft he lo Al Ba 0% 6% ct er ia 6% al 4. An im 3. 89% t 2. Plant Animal Bacteria All of the above Pl an 1. 0 THE CLEAR, JELLY-LIKE SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS IS CALLED? as m l 0% Cy t op l al 0% Ce ll w 0% Ve sic le 4. st 3. 100% or op la 2. Chloroplast Vesicle Cell wall Cytoplasm Ch l 1. RIBOSOME “I LOVE RIBOSOMES!!!” Types of Cells: All Cells Structure: Small organelles made of rRNA & protein No membrane Floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to Rough ER Function: Help make proteins Link together amino acids by reading the genetic code ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Type of Cells: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: Network of folded tubes or membranes ROUGH ER: Ribosomes attached SMOOTH ER: Nothing attached Function: Rough ER: help synthesize proteins Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids & carbs. Also….detoxification! Package materials (proteins or lipids) into transport vesicles VESICLE Function: Types of Cells: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: membranous sac transport of materials made by the cell (lipids, carbs, proteins) Secrete materials to the outside of the cell GOLGI APPARATUS Location: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: Flattened membranous sacs (like a stack of pancakes) Function: Modifies lipids & proteins Package materials into secretory vesicles to send them outside of the cell ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF FLAGELLA? 10% 5% DN A s ns ta i es l ak m Co n ce of ov em en t M 0% ip id ll fo od 4. of 3. 85% es t io n 2. Digestion of food Movement of cell makes lipids Contains DNA Di g 1. WHAT ORGANELLE IS THIS? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cell Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Lysosome 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF RIBOSOMES? 1. 2. 3. 4. Make lipids Make proteins Control the cell Package and transport materials 0% 1 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SMOOTH ER? s 0% pr ot ei n He lp m ak e nu tr el lm ov lc St or e ip tro 0% ie nt s 0% em en t id s 0% el 4. ak 3. Co n 2. Make lipids & carbs & detox Control cell movement Store nutrients Help make proteins M 1. VACUOLE Types of Cells: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: Fluid-filled membranous sacs Larger in plants Function: Stores waste, food, water for later use LYSOSOME Types of cells: Animal cells Some protists Structure: Small, round membranous sac that holds digestive enzymes Function: Breakdown large food particles Digest old cell parts “Clean up” PEROXISOME Types of cells: Eukaryotic cells Structure: Membranous sac contain a variety of enzymes Function: rid the cell of toxic substances, and in particular, hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of cellular metabolism). WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VACUOLE? 5% nd er a at w St or e ce ll he tt Pr ot ec ce he lt tro Co n 0% nu tri en ts ll 0% ls r ia 4. rt m at e 3. 95% an sp o 2. Transport materials Control the cell Store water and nutrients Protect the cell Tr 1. WHICH ORGANELLE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CLEANING UP THE CELL AND DIGESTING OLD DEAD CELL PARTS? 10% Cy t op l ER Ly so so m e 0% as m 0% Sm oo th 4. ER 3. ug h 2. Rough ER Smooth ER Cytoplasm Lysosome Ro 1. 90% MITOCHONDRIA Types of Cells: Eukaryotic (plant, animal, fungi, protist) Structure: Bean-shaped Folded inner membranes Double outer membrane Function: Make energy (ATP) Cellular Respiration occurs here Convert glucose, oxygen, and water into useable energy (ATP) CHLOROPLAST Types of cells: Plant Cells Structure: Oval shaped Double membrane Thylakoids contain chlorophyll (green pigment) Function: Convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (food) and oxygen (photosynthesis) ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS Endosymbiotic theory – Mitochondria and chloroplasts, the two energy related organelles, arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed independent prokaryotes This explains why they have a double membrane and why they have genetic material separate from the nucleus WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA? 1. 2. 3. 4. Make lipids Make proteins Control the cell Make energy 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANELLES ARE FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mitochondria Chloroplast Golgi apparatus Lysosomes 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELLS DO NOT HAVE NUCLEI? 1. 2. 3. 4. Plant Animal Eukaryote Prokaryote 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 ALL CELLS HAVE 1. 2. 3. 4. Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Cell Wall Cell Membrane 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 PLANT CELLS VS. ANIMAL CELLS PLANT ANIMAL BOTH