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Cells
Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure, function
and physiology in living things
• Living cells can come only form other preexisting cells
• Cells contain and pass on hereditary
information during cell division
• All cells have the same chemical composition
and metabolic activity
Robert Hooke – 1635-1703
•
•
•
•
Used simple microscopes to observe objects
Was the 1st to use the term “Cell”
Identified plant cells in a cork
Father of Biology
Cell Theory Scientists
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – 1st to describe
bacteria and observe prokaryotic cells.
• Matthias Schleiden – Discovered that all
plants are made of cells
• Theodor Schwann – Observed cells in animal
tissue – all animals are made of cells
• Rudolf Virchow – Determined that every cell
comes from another cell
Two Classifications of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells
– 1st form of life
– No nucleus
– Only form Unicellular
organisms (one celled)
– Example: Bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells
– Formed from
prokaryotes
– Have a nucleus
– Form unicellular and
multi-cellular organisms.
– Example: Plants and
animals
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Have Organelles
Are mostly bacteria
Have cell wall
or membrane
Have DNA
Have cytoplasm
Have a
nucleus
Include all
plant and
animal cells
Have membranes
surrounding
organelles
Plant and Animal Cells
• Plant Cells
–
–
–
–
–
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a cell wall
Contain chloroplasts
Have large vacuoles
Square or rectangular
shaped
• Animal Cells
–
–
–
–
–
–
Eukaryotic cells
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Small vacuoles
Found in many shapes
Humans have about 210
different types of animal
cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Wall
• Provides plant cells with structure and support
Cell/Plasma Membrane
• Outer lining of cells that controls what goes in
and out of the cell
Nucleus
• Control center of eukaryotic cells that contains
DNA
Lysosomes
• Stores enzymes and digests food.
Ribosomes
• Makes and synthesizes proteins for the cell
Centrioles and Centrosomes
• Used by the cell in cell division during mitosis
and meiosis.
Chloroplasts
• Produces energy during photosynthesis in
plant cells
Vacuoles
• Stores water and other nutrients for the cell
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
• Stores, modifies and secretes proteins for the
cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough ER
– Contains Ribosomes
– Packages and transports
proteins throughout the
cell
• Smooth ER
– Stores steroids
Nuclear Membrane
• Outer lining of the nucleus that controls what
goes in and out of the nucleus
• Surrounds and protects the nucleus
Cytoplasm
• Liquid inside the cell that allows movement
and which organelles float in
Mitochondrion
• Produces energy for the cell
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Carries the genetic information that make up
chromosomes inside the nucleus of cells
Cellular Respiration
• Process by which chemical energy from food
is released to form ATP that the cell uses for
energy.
Photosynthesis
• Process in which
producers (plants)
convert energy from
light, carbon dioxide
and water into glucose
(sugar) to provide
energy for the cell.
Cell Permeability
The permitting or activating of the passage of
substances into, out of, or through cells.
(water, nutrients, oxygen, etc.)
Molecular Transport
– Active Transport - Materials require energy to move
through a cell membrane
– Passive Transport - Materials do not requires help
(energy) to move through a cell membrane.
Movement of molecules
Passive Transport
• Diffusion - Movement of molecules from an area of
great concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
• Osmosis - Passive transport of water through a cell
membrane by diffusion
Mitosis -When cells split
• Simple duplication of a cell and all it’s parts.
• Duplication of DNA into two new cells.
• Phases:
–
–
–
–
–
Prophase - cell gets ready
Metaphase - DNA lines up
Anaphase - separation begins
Telophase - division finishes up
Interphase - normal state of cell
Meiosis - Two Divisions
• For sexual reproduction
• Reproduces a new organism
• Second division divides the chromosomes in
half
• Final phase ends with 4 haploid cells called
gametes (example - egg and sperm)