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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1 PAGES 132-150 Standards 4.1 Describe the cell cycle, including the ____ process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction 4.2 Explain the relationship between mutation, ____ cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer 4.3 ____ Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division Essential Question: What mechanisms control the life cycle of the cell? I. Organism Growth In order for an organism to grow they must cells because increase the number of _____ increasing the size of a cell does not make sense • Cells have ______ limits for how large they can large because: become. Cells cannot grow too _____ size but there 1. DNA – the cell can grow in _____ will be no extra ______ DNA made leads to an “___________ information crisis” 2. Surface Area Versus Volume volume increases much faster a cell’s ________ surface area than its ________ DIAGRAM: 24 8 6 1 6:1 54 27 3:1 2:1 large volumes with small ________ surface area means the cell membrane cannot receive nutrients and get rid of _______ wastes fast _________ survive enough for the cell to ________ osmosis and _________ diffusion would occur ________ too slowly II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the _____ cell division which includes _______ growth and ________ grow and ________ develop the overall • to ______ organism old and worn-out cells • to replace ____ CELL CYCLE PROCESSES: 1. Interphase = the _______ growth part of the cell cycle in which all organelles are doubled except nucleus the ________ a. G1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell size and protein production is grows in _____ high _____ nerve cells cannot replicate because they stuck in this phase get ______ b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the chromosomes in the nucleus are copied _____________ c. G2phase = Gap II phase in which the cell prepares for _________ division 2. Mitosis = the process in which the cell nucleus is __________ replicated • Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life DNA During cell division, the _____ DNA known as _____. will change forms. chromatin = long, stringy strands of DNA _____ proteins called histones mixed loosely with ________ DNA double helix DNA and histones Chromatin Supercoiled DNA b. chromosome = one long, continuous piece of DNA made of numerous ______ genes _____ coiled chromosomes signal the start of mitosis _________ c. sister chromatids = identical halves of a _____________ chromosome DIAGRAM: • mitosis will take the duplicated _____________ chromosomes Interphase (s) and divide them up made in _____________ between two new _____ cells so that each new cell nucleus with the exact same will have a _________ material genetic ________ this means that when mitosis makes new cells they are ________ identical to the old cells the 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA prophase are: _________ metaphase __________ anaphase __________ telophase __________ INTERPHASE Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS 3. cytokinesis = the last step of the cell division which divides the cell’s ________ ___________ organelles and ___________ cytoplasm e.g. animal cells = cleavage furrow plant cells = cell wall • At the end of cytokinesis, there are __ 2 identical cells which makes the overall organism grow _____ in _____ size • The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known somatic cells as ________ body cell (all cells or the somatic cell = a _____ human body are considered somatic cells EXCEPT _____ egg and ______) sperm DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE: III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer Cells control the ____ rate at which they divide and cells make new ______ • External and internal chemicals signal when cells start and end each step of the cell cycle _______ function and the • Depending on a cell’s ________ overall age of an _________, organism time spent in each phase of the cell ______ cycle will vary e.g. • Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct die in order for the overall organism to or ____ function properly apoptosis = programmed cell ______ death e.g. webbed fingers as embryo webbed fingers • Cancer = a class of diseases which results in the body’s inability to control the _______ growth and division of _____ cells resulting in an overabundance cells which can of unwanted and unusable _____ tumors clump together to form _______ tumors are said to be _______ benign if tumor cells remain clumped together making it relatively cells by easy to remove all unwanted _____ treatment malignant if some of tumors are said to be __________ the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the divide or form new body where they can _______ tumors cancer is caused by some form of __________ mutation or error found within the DNA mutations can be _________ inherited or caused by some sort of outside influence like ____________ carcinogens radiation and treatments for cancer include _________ chemotherapy ______________ IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction We know that all creatures start as a single cell. However, if cells only come from other cells, and they are identical after going through the cell cycle, how do _________ offspring differ from their ________? parents • In ________ asexual reproduction, a new organism is 1 parent and the offspring are created from __ _________ identical to this parent except if __________ mutations arise • In _______ sexual reproduction, a new organism is DNA of __ 2 parents created from the _____ DNA from each parent is placed together in a single cell which creates an __________ individual that is different from each parent sexual reproduction produces a GREATER genetic variation amount of _______ A. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an individual from only __ 1 parent • Produces offspring that are ________ identical to parent DNA of the new offspring comes because the _____ from ___ 1 parent mitosis also results in • The cell cycle with ________ daughter cells _________ identical to parent cells mitosis and • This means the cell cycle with ________ some forms of asexual reproduction are very genetic similar process both of which limit _______ variation Types of Asexual Reproduction: 1. Budding = type of asexual reproduction in buds off of the which a new organism _____ _______ parent organism e.g. hydra, yeast Hydra bud Yeast 2. Regeneration = type of asexual reproduction in separate piece of the original organism can develop into a new ________ offspring _________ e.g. starfish, sponge 3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction completely splits in ___ 2 in which the parent ___________ and each half grows new ______ parts to become a organism complete __________ binary fission and the cell cycle with mitosis _______ are almost identical process because they both occur in a single cell and have identical outcomes __________ e.g. flatworm, amoeba, bacteria, paramecium parent cell DNA duplicates cell begins to divide daughter cells 4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction spores are produced and in fungi when _______ scatter to create new ___________ individuals e.g. bread mold, mosses, ferns 5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual plants grow from reproduction in which new _______ the stems, roots, or leaves of an _________ existing plant e.g. potato, strawberry 6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual reproduction in which the female produces _____ eggs that can develop into new offspring fertilization without ___________ e.g. Daphnia