Download Notes Unit 4 Part 1 POWERPOINT

BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1
PAGES 132-150
Standards
4.1 Describe the cell cycle, including the
____
process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in
the formation of new cells and its importance in
maintaining chromosome number during asexual
reproduction
4.2 Explain the relationship between mutation,
____
cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially
resulting in cancer
4.3
____ Compare and contrast binary fission and
mitotic cell division
Essential Question:
What mechanisms control the life cycle
of the cell?
I. Organism Growth
In order for an organism to grow they must
cells because
increase the number of _____
increasing the size of a cell does not make
sense
• Cells have ______
limits for how large they can
large because:
become. Cells cannot grow too _____
size but there
1. DNA – the cell can grow in _____
will be no extra ______
DNA made
 leads to an “___________
information crisis”
2. Surface Area Versus Volume
volume increases much faster
 a cell’s ________
surface area
than its ________
DIAGRAM:
24
8
6
1
6:1
54
27
3:1
2:1
large volumes with small ________
surface area
means the cell membrane cannot receive
nutrients and get rid of _______
wastes fast
_________
survive
enough for the cell to ________
osmosis and _________
diffusion would occur
________
too slowly
II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the _____
cell
division
which includes _______
growth and ________
grow and ________
develop the overall
• to ______
organism
old and worn-out cells
• to replace ____
CELL CYCLE PROCESSES:
1. Interphase = the _______
growth part of the cell
cycle in which all organelles are doubled except
nucleus
the ________
a. G1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell
size and protein production is
grows in _____
high
_____
 nerve cells cannot replicate because they
stuck in this phase
get ______
b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the
chromosomes in the nucleus are copied
_____________
c. G2phase = Gap II phase in which the cell
prepares for _________
division
2. Mitosis = the process in which the cell nucleus
is __________
replicated
• Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life
DNA During cell division, the _____
DNA
known as _____.
will change forms.
 chromatin = long, stringy strands of DNA
_____
proteins called histones
mixed loosely with ________
DNA double
helix
DNA and
histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled
DNA
b. chromosome = one long, continuous piece of
DNA made of numerous ______
genes
_____
 coiled chromosomes signal the start of
mitosis
_________
c. sister chromatids = identical halves of a
_____________
chromosome
DIAGRAM:
• mitosis will take the duplicated _____________
chromosomes
Interphase (s) and divide them up
made in _____________
between two new _____
cells so that each new cell
nucleus with the exact same
will have a _________
material
genetic ________
 this means that when mitosis makes new cells
they are ________
identical to the old cells
 the 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA
prophase
are: _________
metaphase
__________
anaphase
__________
telophase
__________
INTERPHASE
Parent cell
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
3. cytokinesis = the last step of the cell
division which divides the cell’s
________
___________
organelles and ___________
cytoplasm
e.g. animal cells = cleavage furrow
plant cells = cell wall
• At the end of cytokinesis, there are __
2 identical
cells which makes the overall organism grow
_____
in _____
size
• The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known
somatic cells
as ________
body cell (all cells or the
 somatic cell = a _____
human body are considered somatic cells
EXCEPT _____
egg and ______)
sperm
DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE:
III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer
Cells control the ____
rate at which they divide and
cells
make new ______
• External and internal chemicals signal when
cells start and end each step of the cell
cycle
_______
function and the
• Depending on a cell’s ________
overall age of an _________,
organism time spent in
each phase of the cell ______
cycle will vary
e.g.
• Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct
die in order for the overall organism to
or ____
function properly
 apoptosis = programmed cell ______
death
e.g. webbed fingers as embryo
webbed fingers
• Cancer = a class of diseases which results in
the body’s inability to control the _______
growth and
division of _____
cells resulting in an overabundance
cells which can
of unwanted and unusable _____
tumors
clump together to form _______
 tumors are said to be _______
benign if tumor cells
remain clumped together making it relatively
cells by
easy to remove all unwanted _____
treatment
malignant if some of
 tumors are said to be __________
the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the
divide or form new
body where they can _______
tumors
 cancer is caused by some form of __________
mutation
or error found within the DNA
 mutations can be _________
inherited or caused by
some sort of outside influence like
____________
carcinogens
radiation and
 treatments for cancer include _________
chemotherapy
______________
IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction
We know that all creatures start as a single cell.
However, if cells only come from other cells,
and they are identical after going through the
cell cycle, how do _________
offspring differ from their
________?
parents
• In ________
asexual reproduction, a new organism is
1 parent and the offspring are
created from __
_________
identical to this parent except if __________
mutations
arise
• In _______
sexual reproduction, a new organism is
DNA of __
2 parents
created from the _____
 DNA from each parent is placed together in
a single cell which creates an __________
individual
that is different from each parent
 sexual reproduction produces a GREATER
genetic variation
amount of _______
A. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an
individual from only __
1 parent
• Produces offspring that are ________
identical to parent
DNA of the new offspring comes
because the _____
from ___
1 parent
mitosis also results in
• The cell cycle with ________
daughter cells _________
identical to parent cells
mitosis and
• This means the cell cycle with ________
some forms of asexual reproduction are very
genetic
similar process both of which limit _______
variation
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
1. Budding = type of asexual reproduction in
buds off of the
which a new organism _____
_______
parent organism
e.g. hydra, yeast
Hydra
bud
Yeast
2. Regeneration = type of asexual
reproduction in separate piece of the
original organism can develop into a new
________
offspring
_________
e.g. starfish, sponge
3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction
completely splits in ___
2
in which the parent ___________
and each half grows new ______
parts to become a
organism
complete __________
 binary fission and the cell cycle with mitosis
_______
are almost identical process because they both
occur in a single cell and have identical
outcomes
__________
e.g. flatworm, amoeba, bacteria,
paramecium
parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells
4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction
spores are produced and
in fungi when _______
scatter to create new ___________
individuals
e.g. bread mold, mosses, ferns
5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual
plants grow from
reproduction in which new _______
the stems, roots, or leaves of an _________
existing
plant
e.g. potato, strawberry
6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual
reproduction in which the female produces
_____
eggs that can develop into new offspring
fertilization
without ___________
e.g. Daphnia