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Cells: The Building Blocks of Life By Adam Liu Life is Cellular What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. The Cell Theory • All living things are made of one or more cells. • Cells only arise from pre-existing cells. • The cell is the smallest form of life. skin cells Basic Cell Organization Eukaryotes • Contain nuclei, a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and specialized organelles • Single-celled or multicellular • Includes all plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms Prokaryotes • Generally smaller than eukaryotes and relatively simple • Have cell membranes and cytoplasm but no nucleus • Includes all bacteria • Carry out every activity associated with life Click Below! Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Viruses Tutorial Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells Cell Shape and Function Diversity is key Cells can also be categorized by their shape and function. Different cells are shaped to do different things. Nerve cells • Thread-like supports • Cytoplasmic extensions • Aids brain function nerve cells (neurons) Cell Shape and Function Xylem cells • Tubular in shape • Conducts water from the roots to the leaves • Patterned cell wall • Spiral thickening in cell wall prevents collapse xylem cells Structure and Function of a Cell Looking inside a cell Just like certain cells perform different tasks, each cell has structures inside that carry out their own jobs, as well. Organelles • Specialized structures that perform important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell • “Tiny organs” Click Below! Cell Structure Electron Micrographs Inside an Animal Cell Click Below! Animal Cell Tour Inside a Plant Cell Click Below! Plant Cell Tour Comparing Cell Structures Structure Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Animal Plant Plasma Membrane Yes Yes Yes Nucleus No Yes Yes Endoplasmic Reticulum No Yes Yes Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes Golgi Apparatus No Yes Yes Mitochondria No Yes Yes Lysosomes No Yes No Vacuoles No Small or none Yes Cytoskeleton No Yes Yes Centrioles No Yes No Plastids No No Yes Cell Wall Yes No Yes Plasma Membrane Functions • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell • Provides protection and support Properties • Lipid bilayer- tough flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. • Protein molecules- forms channels and pumps that help to move material across the cell membrane • Carbohydrate molecules- allows cells to chemically identify one another plasma membrane Plasma Membrane Nucleus Functions • Controls most cell processes • Contains hereditary information of DNA nucleus Properties • Found in almost all eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells • Chromatin and chromosomes- contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next • Nucleolus- small dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins • Nuclear envelope- contains nuclear pores that allow material to move into and out of the nucleus Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions • Assembles components of the plasma membrane Properties • Rough endoplasmic reticulum- studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as a synthesis of lipids rough ER Rough ER vs. Smooth ER rough ER smooth ER Ribosomes Functions • Produces proteins following coded instructions from the nucleus Properties • Small particles of RNA and protein • About 0.025 micometers in diameter ribosomes Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Functions • Enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins Properties • Stack of membranes that receives proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Functions • Uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement Properties • Enclosed by two envelope membranes, an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane • Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including those of plants and algae mitochondria Mitochondria Lysosomes Functions • Breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell • Breaks down organelles that have outlived their usefulness • Removes debris Properties • Found in animal cells, not plant cells • Small organelles filled with enzymes lysosome Lysosomes Vacuoles Functions • Storage for materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Properties • Many plant cells have a single large, central vacuole filled with liquid • Also found in single-celled organisms and in animals • Vesicles- smaller vacuoles involved in transporting substances within a cell vacuole Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Functions • Helps the cell maintain its shape • Moves organelles within the cell • Involved in many forms of cell movement Properties • Network of protein filaments cytoskeleton • Microtubules- maintains cell shape and serves as “tracks” along which organelles are moved • Cilia and flagella- microtubules form hair-like projections that enable cells to swim through liquids • Microfilaments- produces a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell Cytoskeleton Centrioles Functions • Separates chromosomes during cell division Properties • Found in animal cells, not plant cells • Two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope centriole Centrioles Plastids Functions • Synthesis • Storage of food chloroplast Properties • Found in plant cells, not animal or fungal cells • Chloroplasts- uses the energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules through photosynthesis, contains the green pigment chlorophyll • Chromoplasts- contains colored pigments in (orange, red, yellow) in the cells of fruits and flowers • Leucoplasts- stores carbohydrates formed during photosynthesis in the form of starch Chloroplasts Cell Wall Functions • Provides support and protection for the cell Properties • Found in plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes, but not animal cells • Made from fibers of carbohydrate and protein • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, a tough carbohydrate fiber cell wall Cell Wall Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of an animal cell. 1. A. Mitochondria B. Lysosomes C. Ribosomes 2. A. Golgi apparatus B. Mitochondria C. Endoplasmic reticulum 3. A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Endoplasmic reticulum Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of an animal cell. 4. A. Mitochondria B. Lysosomes C. Ribosomes 5. A. Cell wall B. Cell membrane C. Cytoplasm 6. A. Mitochondria B. Lysosomes C. Ribosomes Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of an animal cell. 7. A. Cytoplasm B. Vacuole C. Mitochondria 8. A. Ribosomes B. Lysosomes C. Golgi apparatus 9. A. Nucleus B. Vacuole C. Mitochondria Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of a plant cell. 1. A. Vacuole B. Nucleus C. Golgi apparatus 2. A. Ribosomes B. Mitochondria C. Chloroplasts 3. A. Ribosomes B. Vacuole C. Mitochondria Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of a plant cell. 4. A. Vacuoles B. Chloroplasts C. Ribosomes 5. A. Cell membrane B. Cell wall C. Vacuole 6. A. Nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. Cytoplasm Review Directions For each number select the correct corresponding structure of a plant cell. 7. A. Cell membrane B. Cell wall C. Endoplasmic reticulum 8. A. Nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. Vacuole 9. A. Golgi apparatus B. Mitochondria C. Nucleus 10. A. Chloroplasts B. Ribosomes C. Endoplasmic reticulum Bibliography Arizona State University. “Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial.” [http://www.biology.arizona.ed u/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html]. November 2002. Beyond Books. “Life Science: Part 1.” [http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/index.asp]. November 2002. Cell Applications, Inc. “Cell Applications, Inc.” [http://cellapplications.com/index.htm]. November 2002. Center for Learning Technologies. “Eukaryotic Cell: Organelles – Membrane Bound.” [http://www.lions. odu.edu/~knesius/miniunits/beta/beta08.htm]. November 2002. Corbis. “Corbis®.” [http://www.corbis.com/]. November 2002. Florida State University. “Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics and Microscopy.” [http ://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/]. November 2002. Iowa State University. “Lab Topic 3: Cell Structure Reflects Function.” [http://www.biology.iastate.edu/ Courses/201L/CellTypes/Cell%20structure]. November 2002. Kimball, John W. “Kimball’s Biology Pages.” [http://biology-pages.info]. November 2002. Miller, Kenneth R. and Levine, Joseph. Prentice Hall Biology. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2. “Re-evaluating Centrosome Function.” [http://www.nature.co m/nrm/journal/v2/n9/slideshow/nrm0901_688a_F1.html]. November 2002. Pearson Education, Inc. “Prentice Hall School.” [http://www.phschool.com/]. November 2002. Journal This slideshow was made by Adam Liu using Microsoft PowerPoint. This template was done in Adobe Photoshop 6.0 utilizing images from Corbis.com.
