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The Cell
PA State Standards
What is a cell?
• The basic unit of structure and function of
all living things.
• The basic building block of all organisms.
What are organelles?
• Humans have organs
• Cells contain
organelles
• These organelles are
like tiny organs inside
a cell.
• For example: A
nucleus acts like the
brain of the cell.
Nucleus
History
• Robert Hooke – first
to discover cells.
• Looking at Cork under
the microscope.
History
• Schleiden
• Botanist who said all
plants are made of
cells.
History
• Schwann
• Zoologist who said all
animals are made of
cells
History
• Virchow
• All living cells come
only from other living
cells.
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function of living things
• Living cells come only from other living
cells.
What’s the difference anyway?
• Theory
– Tested and based on
results, develop an
idea that could explain
the problem.
– Can be proven true or
false by others
– Theory of Evolution,
the BIG Bang Theory
 Law
 Doesn’t need to be
tested, because we
KNOW it to be true
 Each time, it has the
same outcome
 The law of gravity
Organization of an organism
Organism
You
Organ Systems
Digestive system
Organs
stomach
Tissue
Stomach lining
Cells
Stomach Cells
Basic Structures of a cell
• All cells share certain
structures that make them
a cell
• All cells must contain at
least 3 basic structures to
be considered a living cell
– Cell membrane
– Ribosomes (and DNA)
– Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane:
The Cell1. ALL CELLS
2. Separates the cell from the
outside environment
3. The membrane is what makes
a cell… a cell.
Ribosomes:
The Cell1. ALL CELLS
2. Found in the
cytoplasm & on E.R.
3. Proteins are made here
from DNA instructions to
carry out the functions of life
Cytoplasm:
The Cell1. ALL CELLS
2. The ENVIRONMENT of the
cell. All organelles float in it
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
• PROKARYOTES – DO NOT contain a
NUCLEUS
• EUKARYOTES – DO CONTAIN A
NUCLEUS
Nucleus:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Center of the cell
3.
Control Center
of the cell
Nuclear Membrane:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Surrounds Nucleus
3. Allows movement in &
out of the nucleus
Chromosomes/ Chromatin:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found In pairs depending
on type of species
3. Packages of Genetic
Information (DNA)
Cellular Movement & Transport
• Cells either move
themselves or transport
materials in and out of
their membrane to keep a
controlled environment for
life (homeostasis)
• Cells may use extensions
of their membrane or extra
structure attached to it to
move themselves around
Cell Membrane:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Controls the movement of
material into & out of the cell
3. Selectively Permeable – chooses
what enters and exits the cell
Cell transport - Diffusion
• Diffusion
– the process by which
molecules spread from
areas of high
concentration, to areas
of low concentration
– Does not require Energy;
happens naturally
• Equilibrium
– when the molecules are
even throughout a space
Osmosis
• 75 % of cells is water
– the diffusion of water (across
a membrane)
– Water will move in the
direction towards where there
is a high concentration of
solute (and hence a lower
concentration of water)
– Does not require Energy;
happens naturally
Active Transport
• Requires Energy (ATP) to
carry an object into the cell.
• Carry molecules from low
conc. to high conc.
• Uses Carrier Proteins act
like doors to get the object
into the cell.
• Used to carry minerals into
cell (Na, K, Ca)
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endo = In
Exo = Out
Sections of the membrane “swallow” substances
and bring them into or out of the cell
Cellular Metabolism & Energy
• Cellular Respiration
• Process where organisms
use food to make usable
energy for cells
• Step 1: Energy in the form
of sugar is digested by the
mitochondria
• Step 2: Oxygen helps
Energy captured to be
changed into ATP for
cellular use
The CellMitochondria:
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. RESPIRATION occurs
here (use of oxygen to break
down food particles for
energy)
3. Makes ENERGY for the cell.
2 types of Cellular Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration
• Requires Food & Oxygen
• Water and CO2 are waste
products
• Food + Oxygen
CO2 + Water + ATP
• Energy not used is stored
as fat
2 Types of Cellular Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
• Does not require Oxygen
(anaerobic)
• Yeast cells used to make
bread
• Creates CO2 (makes bread
rise) , alcohol (for beer,
wine, champagne)
The Cell
Vacuoles:
1. In Plants (LARGE) &
Animal
2. Floating in the cytoplasm
3.
FOOD, WATER, and
Waste are STORED here
The Cell
Lysosomes:
1. Mostly Animal
2. Floating in the cytoplasm
3.
Digests food or Recycles
old or dead cell parts
Cellular Response
• Protein Production
• Process where organisms use the instructions in DNA to make
proteins for specific jobs in or outside the cell
• Step 1: DNA is translated into a protein by the ribosomes
• Step 2: Proteins are processed and transported in the ER and
packaged in movable vacuoles called vessicles and shipped to
needed locations inside/outside the cell by the golgi bodies.
Ribosomes:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found in the
cytoplasm & on E.R.
3.
Proteins are made here
Using instructions from DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(E.R.):
The Cell
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found around the nucleus
and throughout the cytoplasm
3. Transports materials in the cell
(TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM)
Golgi bodies:
The Cell
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Package & Ships cell materials
Cellular Reproduction & Growth
• The process of cell reproduction is called Mitosis
• Process where cells copy the instructions in DNA to make
another cell with identical properties
• Step 1: DNA is copied to give new cell genetic instructions
• Step 2: Cells are pulled apart with the help of centrioles to
make two copies of a cell
Mitosis
• In order for an
organism to grow,
the cells must
divide and create
more cells to add to
the organism
• Each new cell is
called a daughter
cell.
Major differences between a
plant and animal cell
• Plant cells have a cell
wall – animal cells do
not.
• Plant cells have
chloroplasts – animal
cells do not
• Plant cells have a
much larger vacuole
than animal cells
Chloroplast:
The Cell
1. Plant Cells
2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Makes food for cell
(Photosynthesis – captures
ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT)
4. Contains CHLOROPHYLL
To absorb sunlight
The Cell
Cell Wall:
1. Plant Cells – NOT IN
ANIMALS!!
2. Gives plant cells its shape
3.
STRONG to provide
Structure and support
Cellular Metabolism & Energy
• Photosynthesis
• Process where plants use
light for food
• Step 1: Energy in the form
of sunlight is captured by
the chlorophyll in the
chloroplast
• Step 2: Energy captured
is changed into food for
plant
Photosynthesis
• Sunlight + CO2 +
Water
Glucose (food) + O2
REMEMBER – PLANTS
STILL COMPLETE
RESPIRATION!
Review:
•
•
1
Is this a plant or
animal cell?
2
Label the numbers
3
4
5
6
10
7
9
8
The Cell
1
2
3
4
5
Nucleolus
10
9
Cytoplasm
6
7
8
Ticket in the door – 5 points
Number your paper from 1 – 5. Answer the questions.
1.Who first discovered cells by looking at cork (last
name)?
2.Does an animal cell have a cell wall? Yes or no
3.Does a plant cell have a cell wall? Yes or no
4.Does an animal cell have a cell membrane? Yes or
no
5.Does a plant cell have a cell membrane? Yes or no