Download 8 Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
What does that mean?
Parts of Speech
Each word in a sentence performs a
basic function or task.
Words perform four basic tasks:
they name, modify, express action or
state of being, or link.
There are 8 Different
Parts of Speech:
• NOUN- a noun names a person,
place, thing, or idea.
Ex. Felix the cat curled up in my lap,
shedding his fur all over my pants.
There are different
types of nouns
• Common Nouns- are not specific and
will be one of MANY…
• Examples: car, house, girl, country,
school, dog, etc…
• Proper Nouns- are specific and not
general!!
• Example: Volkswagon, Mr.
Abatemarco, Iselin Middle School,
Bahamas, etc…
Nouns can also be broken down
into 2 separate categories.
• They can be CONCRETE or
ABSTRACT
• Concrete nouns can be seen,
touched, tasted, heard, and smelled.
• Abstract nouns are things that
cannot be touched, tasted, seen,
smelled, or heard.
• (Examples: happiness, anxiety,
stress, knowledge, patience, love,
creativity)
PRONOUN- a pronoun is used in place
of a noun.
(Example): We remember how well you
treated our grandmother when she
visited.
The antecedent is the noun
that the pronoun is replacing.
(Example):
• Where is Michael?
• He is at the library.
(Michael is the antecedent of He)
Amy’s black dog barks loudly because he is scared.
(Dog is the antecedent of he)
Personal Pronouns—used in
place of the name of a
person or thing
• I, me, we, us, he, she, it, him, her,
you, they, them
Singular pronoun—used in
place of the name of one
person, or thing.
• I, me, you, he, she, it, him, her
Plural Pronoun—used in place
of more than one person or
thing.
• We, us, they, them
Possessive pronoun-shows
ownership or possession.
• Mine, yours, his, hers, ours theirs
Reflexive pronoun—refers back
to the noun previously used; adds
–-self and --selves
• Myself, herself, yourself,
themselves, ourselves
Interrogative pronoun—
asks a question.
• Who, whose, whom, what, which
Indefinite Pronoun—points out a
person, place, or thing, but not
a specific or definite one.
• One, someone, anything, other, all,
few, nobody
Demonstrative—points out a
specific person, place, idea, or
thing.
• This, these, that, those
VERB- expresses action or state of
being.
(Example): The mischievous squirrels
scrambled up the tree and chased
each other in circles.
State-of-Being Verbs
• Some verbs don’t show action. They tell
what something is, or they LINK the
subject with a word or words in the
predicate. These verbs are called
LINKING VERBS
• Examples: am, is, are, was, were, be,
being, been…
Linking Verbs
• They connect a noun with another noun,
pronoun, or adjective that describes or
identifies it; the most common linking
verbs are formed from the verb to be
• My mother is the best mom in the world.
• She seems eager to always want to do
things for us.
Helping Verbs
• These verbs HELP a main verb
express action or state of being.
• (Ex.) A dog can detect thousands of
smells with its nose.
• Our dog has been chasing squirrels
in the backyard.
Examples of Linking &
Helping Verbs
• Is, am, are, was, were, be, being,
been, has, have, had, do, does, did,
will, shall, should, would, can, could,
may, might, must, seems, **becomes,
feels, appears***
• John has been walking to school.
• We had the best time on vacation.
• You should call for an appointment.
• ADJECTIVE- modifies/describes a
noun or pronoun.
(Example): On the dark and dreary
day, they watched old classic movies
on television.
• The girl is beautiful.
• The man is successful.
• The elephant is enormous.
• The shark is deadly.
To find the adjective, FIRST find
the NOUN(s) and then look for
words that describe it/them.
• An adjective has 1 of 3 functions. It
tells what kind, how many, or which
one.
EXAMPLES:
It is going to be a rainy day.
Several students are absent today.
That woman is riding a horse.
Let’s Try!
• Hockey is a confusing game for inexperienced players.
• The old house collapsed during the strong and
powerful windstorm.
• There were several cars in the parking lot.
• The sleek, shiny car raced down the long, windy road.
Remember that some adjectives can
tell which one. This can get tricky
because the look like pronouns
Adjectives or Pronouns?????
This bulb burnt out. (adjective)
This doesn’t work. (pronoun)
These candles are new. (adjective)
These are new. (pronoun)
Adjectives or Pronouns?????
That light is too bright. (adjective)
That is too bright. (pronoun)
Do you see those stars? (adjective)
Do you see those? (pronoun)
Just like nouns, Some
adjectives can be PROPER.
(EXAMPLES):
• The African Plains
• Italian art
• Chinese food
• Independence Day celebration
• Christmas presents
• Major League Baseball game
ADVERB- modifies/describes a verb,
an adjective or another adverb.
(Example): Max jumped quickly into
the pool nearly landing on the raft.
More Examples:
• Reporters quickly gathered the news.
(The adverb quickly modifies the
verb gather.)
The route is too long. (The adverb too
modifies the adjective long.)
• Our paper boy delivers the paper
very early. (The adverb very
modifies another ADVERB early. The
adverb early modifies the verb
delivers.)
As you know, adjectives ask
certain questions: What kind,
how many, and which ones
• ADVERBS also answer certain
questions:
• Where?
• When?
• How?
• How Often?
• To What Extent?
EXAMPLES:
• My dog ran away. (the adverb away
tells where).
• I will call you later. (the adverb later
tells when).
• I quietly closed the door. (the
adverb quietly tells how).
• He always reads baseball magazines.
(the adverb always tells how often).
• He was too tired to watch TV. (the
adverb too tells to what extent).
NOTE: The word NOT is almost always an
adverb. When not is part of a contraction like
hadn’t, the n’t is an adverb.
Example:
• I can not solve this problem.
• We should not go outside, it’s too
cold.
The following words are
often used as adverbs:
•
•
•
•
Where? Here, there, away, up
When? Now, then, later, soon
How? Clearly, easily, quietly, slowly
How often? Never, always, often,
seldom
• To what extent? Very, too, almost,
so,
really
PREPOSITION- shows the relationship between its
object—a noun or a pronoun—and another word in
a sentence. Common prepositions are after,
around, at behind, beside, beneath, off, through,
until, upon, and with.
***TIME, LOCATION &
DIRECTION/DISTANCE***
(Example): Beside the edge of the ravine, the
hikers waited for the others in their group.
Here’s the list of
prepositions!
• Aboard, about, above, across, after,
against, along, among, around, at…
• Before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, by…
• Down, during, except, for, from, in,
into…
CONT…
• Like, near, of, off, on, out, over, past,
since…
• Through, throughout, to, toward…
• Under, underneath, until, up, upon…
• With, within, without
Examples:
• Your math book is underneath your
coat. (The preposition shows the
relationship of book to coat.)
• We paddled the canoe toward the
shore. (The preposition shows the
relationship of canoe to shore.)
Examples:
• The driver behind us honked his horn.
(The preposition shows the
relationship of driver to us.)
CONJUNCTION- joins words or groups of
words. Common conjunctions are and, but,
nor, or, so, and yet.
(Example): Neither Kim nor Betsy wanted to
be late, so they ran as fast as they could.
Examples:
• Mother and I are Mets fans.
• The car swerved and ran off the road.
• We drove through New York and
Pennsylvania.
• We tried but failed.
• Sue or I will make the salad for dinner.
Examples:
•
•
•
•
The car is elegant yet affordable.
He will hide in the closet or under the bed.
The team was tired but played on.
Neither Tim nor Al could have expected
such a long ordeal.
• Tim can either cut his calorie intake or
increase his exercise time.
Compound Sentences—TWO independent
sentences can be combined by using a COMMA
followed by a conjunction.
• The wind blew, and the windows
rattled.
• You may be right, but I doubt it.
• You should leave now, or you will miss
the bus.
• I am smarter than my brother, yet
he always get better grades than me.
• I don’t make good grades, nor do I
try very hard in school.
• It is raining outside today, so I think
I will wear my raincoat.
INTERJECTION- is a word used to express
emotion. Common interjections are oh, ah,
well, hey, and wow.
(Example): Hey! Wait for me!
Well, we can go to the park later
if you prefer.
Aha! I knew you were hiding
there.
Wow! Look at that liftoff.
The following words are often
used as INTERJECTIONS:
• Goodness
• Hey
• Hooray
• Oh
• Ouch
• Yuck
• Wow