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Section2 Clinical Approaches of MSCs Gene & Cell therapy Tissue engineering Encapsulated cell biodelivery Potential uses Cell based therapies: Regenerative therapy to treat Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injury, stroke, severe burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis Stem cells in gene therapy Stem cells as vehicles after they have been genetically manipulated Stem cells in cancer Traumatic brain injury according to the World Health Organization, traumatic brain injury (TBI) will surpass many diseases as the major cause of death and disability .It is estimated that 10 million people are affected annually by TBI, with the highest incidence among persons 15 to 24 years of age and 75 years and older. Since TBI may result in lifelong impairment of an individual's physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning, and given the absence of a cure, TBI is a disorder of major public health significance. Current therapies in neurotrauma aim particularly to prevent brain edema, raised intracranial pressure, ischemic damage and in bleedings. most of the mentioned therapies are associated with problems and are thought as a complementation of the existing therapies. Stem cell therapy aims not only for receiving brain tissue and functions but also for restoring of both. So, stem cell therapies may possess the most effective potential for neuronal and functional recovery. Stages of fracture healing Inflammation Repair Remodeling strategies for cell therapy in neurotrauma “cell replacement” “mini – pumps" pharmacologic manipulation and / or gene therapy • release of trophic factors, enzymes and neurotransmitters • buffering toxic molecules • blocking of endogenous repair-inhibitory factors • expressing extracellular matrix molecules • stabilize brain tissue and promote remyelination • providing favorable cell-cell communication neuronal and functional recovery Clinical trials Phase 1: -proof of safety Phase 2: -proof of efficacy Phase 3: -proof of clinical usability Thanks for your attention REFERENCES: Asumda, F. Z., Chase, P. B. (2011) Age-related changes in rat bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell plasticity. Biology Medicine Central. 12: 1-20 Alhadlaq, A., Mao, J. J. (2004) Mesenchymal stem cells: isolation and therapeutic. Stem Cells Development. 13(4): 436-48 Barry, F. P., Murphy, J. M. (2004) Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 36: 568-584 Baksh, D., Song, L., tuan, R. S. (2004) Adult mesenchymal stem cells: characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy. Journal Cell Molecular Medicine. 8: 301-316 Baghaban Eslaminejad, M. (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells: history, isolation and biology. Journal of Iranian Anatomical Sciences. 5: 6173 Brooke, G., Cook, M., Blair, C., Han, R., Heazlewood, C., Jones, B., et al., (2007) Therapeutic of mesenchymal stromal cells. Seminars in Cell& Developmental Biology. 18: 846-858 Docheva, D., Haasters, F., Schieker, M. (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells and their cell surface receptors. Current Rheumatology Reviews. 4: 1-6 Dominici, M., Le Blanc, K., Mueller, I., Slaper-Cortenbach, I., Marini, F., Krause, D., et al. (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 8:315-317 Lee, K. D. (2008) Applications of mesenchymal stem cells: an updated review. Chang Gung Medicine. 31: 228-36 Martinez, C., Hofmann, T. J., Marino, R., Dominici, M., Horwitz, E. M. (2007) Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells express the neural ganglioside GD2: a novel surface marker for the identification of MSCs. Blood. 109: 4245-4248 Muraglia, A., Cancedda, R., Quarto, R. (2000). Clonal mesenchymal progenitors from human bone marrow differentiate in vitro according to a hierarchical model. Journal of Cell Science. 113: 1161–1166 Nauta, A. J., Fibbe, W. E. (2007) Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. Blood. 110: 3499-3506 Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., Jaiswal, R. K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J. D., et al. (1999) Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 284:143 -147 Rastegar, F., Shenaq, D., Huang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, B. Q., He, B. C., et al. (2010). Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications.World Journal of stem Cells. 2(4): 67-80 Song, H., Chang, W., song, B. W., Hwang, K. C. (2011) Specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by small molecules. American Journal Stem Cell. 1(1):22-30 Sethe, S., Scutt, A., Stolzing, A. (2006) Aging of mesenchymal stem cells. Ageing Research Reviews. 5: 91-116