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Psychology of Music Learning Miksza Music and Brain Research …from Peretz & Zatorre (2005) Perception and Recognition • Pitch relations – Evidence from brain impairment suggests pitch and time perception are separate neural subsystems but imaging results are less conclusive – Right auditory cortex – analyzing pitch information – Both hemispheres are important for contour and interval perception – ERP and fMRI research shows evidence of a neural system of tonal perception (scales) – usually in the form of recognition of deviations – Deviations from harmonic expectancies are also evident in ERP studies Perception and Recognition • Time relations – Neuropsychological evidence suggest that rhythm and beat perception are tied to different processing components – rather than being hierarchical in nature – Studies of beat tapping in various hands or by individuals with brain impairments cited • Some with lesions can discriminate rhythmic patterns but not metric grouping – Evidence for importance of basal ganglia and cerebellum in timed motor-tasks Memory • Memory important since music unfolds over time • Melodic recognition can be hampered in a variety of ways given brain injury • Auditory cortex is active during imagery or mental rehearsal Emotion • Emotional response may be tied to a relatively distinct neural network • Brain impaired individuals may be able to recognize emotional import in music even if not the music itself • Cerebral blood flow patterns can be linked to ‘musical chills’ experiences Performance • Singing – Neural disassociation between speech and singing is possible • Aphasia does not imply amusia and vice versa – Loss of melody has been tied to right-hemisphere lesions – Loss of rhythm has been tied to left hemisphere regions • Sight-reading – Can lose language reading and retain musical and vice versa Training • Unique opportunity to study brain plasticity – Experience shapes cortical networks • Motor cortex is enhanced structurally and functionally in musicians • Cortical representation of left-hand for string players larger than non-musicians, no difference in right hand • Musicians exhibit greater responses to piano tones than non-musicians • AP may rely on an innate neural substrate – AP listeners show less ERP • Mental practice may lead to similar although lesspronounced effects as physical practice in cortical excitement Music Specificity • Network of regions in both right and left hemispheres • Right-side asymmetry for pitch-based processing • Time-relations are somewhat more bilateral • Most evidence points to distinct neural processing patterns for musical events