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ANTIQUITY Pre-Dated History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Antiquity: The word comes from old Latin Antiquitus, which means Ancient Times Historically Antiquity deals with the time period before the end of the Roman Empire OR Before the Middle Ages Time Denotations ca.= circa/around BCE= Before Common Era CE= Common Era Relics: 50,000 BCE: Oldest possible remains of instrument; recorder 34,000 BCE: Oldest certain remains of instrument; flute Civilization: 4,000-3,000 BCE: Egypt and Sumerian civilizations emerge People depicted in surviving records (drawings on walls, tablets, etc.) as singing and playing instruments Biblical Times Several musical references are made from biblical times—consider this a historical perspective. Biblical Times Reference examples: (know what, not where) Tambourine (Exodus 15: 20-21) Harp (1 Samuel 16:14-23) Music Therapy (same as above) (p.2 in text) Cymbals (2 Chronicles 5: 12-14) Lyres (same as above) Trumpet (same as above) Singers (same as above) Ancient Greece Socrates: “The unexplained life is not worth living.” Mythical explanations provoked thought Development of mathematical/physic principles Empiricism: Reality based on experience First to form city-state (democratic) government—polis Ancient Greece By the 5th Century BCE: Parthenon built Philosophy of Socrates by Plato Plays of Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophenes Alexander the Great The Beginning of the End Ancient GreeceMusic and Society Important role in life Specific repertoires developed for different activities Most music was improvised or memorized (explains why it didn’t survive) Greek thought fused word, music and dance as inseparable (Plato-song melos) Melos-Greek; means melody Ancient GreeceMusic Theory Most surviving musical contributions deal with theory Monophonic Tetrachord Construction Antiphonal, Responsorial, Solo Tetrachords FYI Descending Perfect 4th Spanning 2 octaves +1 Note Inner notes determined by characteristic genera Diatonic: whole step, whole step, half step Chromatic: minor 3rd, half step, half step Enharmonic: Major 3rd, quarter tone, quarter tone Four interlocking tetrachords form Greater Perfect System Tetrachords FYI Examples of Characteristic systems or notes (tonois pl, tonos s.): Dorian Southern Greece Ionian Southwestern Greece Phrygian Asia Minor Lydian Asia Minor Aeolian Greek Islands (Dorian, ionian, etc. refer to regional practices much like we would characterize different customs of our New England region, West Coast, South, etc.). Epitaph of Seikilos Epitaph is from tombstone in Ancient Greek notation ca. 100 CE Based on ionian tonos, using diatonic genos EDCBAGF#EDC#BAG#F#ED# Only partial composition survived. Actual performance is an approximation from what is known. ♫ The Roman Empire Greece fell to Rome (2nd-1st Century BCE) No substantial Roman musical notation has survived Rome absorbed Greek musical tradition (time, place, specific repertoire, importance) 3rd Century CE, Roman Empire began to fall Christianity eventually replaced the Greek and Roman pantheon (virtually paganism—what we think of as mythology) to become the official state religion (Catholicism)—about the whole (Kath + holos greek) THUS THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Musical Legacies of Antiquity 5th Century CE, Greek and Roman musical tradition vanished (emergence of Chant)-monophonic line remains Theory practices were written and passed on from Ptolemy (2nd Century)Boethius (c.480-524) in to the Middle Ages Musical Legacies of Antiquity Music remained an important part of life and education MANY pro-art (music) arguments today come from the foundation set during Antiquity Pythagoras (Music and the Cosmos) Mathematician and Astrologist 6th Century BCE Given credit for: The Discovery of the Relationship between sound and number Pythagorean Theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) Basic Principles of Geometry Interval nomenclature (names) came from Pythagoras Pythagoras (Music and the Cosmos) Believed that the same mathematical laws that governed music also governed the solar system. Harmony of the spheres “There is a geometry in the humming of the strings; there is music in the spacing of the spheres.” Pythagoras Mathematical proportions found to show certain musical relationships 2:1 Octave 3:2 Fifth 4:3 Fourth Mathematical simplicity caused these to be called “Perfect” consonances. Music and the Soul Music said to govern the soul Myth of Orpheus and Euridice Doctrine of Ethos Music capable of arousing listeners to certain kinds of emotions and behaviors Remember Plato definition of song (S.10) Music and the state FYI Aristotle: “Music has the power of producing a certain effect on the moral character of the soul, and if it has the power to do this, it is clear that the young must be directed to music and must be educated in it.” Vocal vs. Instrumental Poetry and song indistinguishable, both sung Music consisted of all parts (Plato definition)— music with no words was “lesser.” Voices only found in animals with a soul (Aristotle) Instrumental music created “anxiety” over the ability to move people w/o using words Theory vs. Practice Mostly interested in mathematical relationships to the world rather than how to be better musicians This accounts for the minimal amounts of music that survived Liberal arts divided into a musical dichotomy Liberal taken from liber—liberty; or individuals who were free Theory vs. Practice Musical Dichotomy Mathematical Called Quadrivium Consisted of: Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music FYI Language Arts Called Trivium Consisted of: Grammar Rhetoric Dialect Socrates Lineage Socrates Plato Aristotle Aristoxenus FYI