Download Unit 3 Musical Life

PART 2
SEVEN CENTURIES OF MUSIC
Unit 3
Musical Life
1000 – 1700
Monty Python as Historian?
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Chapter 8 Harmony and Texture
“ Between 1000 and 1700, European music went
from ancient to modern.”
Trivia!!!
 Henry VIII of England owned seventy-four early
flutes.
 Early music manuscripts came from
monasteries scattered throughout Europe
 Today, we have many ways to hear and view
music exactly as the creators intended
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Musical examples
• Just over 500 years separate the first
and last of European musical examples
presented in this chapter.
• First example = an antiphon (a type of
chant) by Hildegard von Bingen around
1150. Hildegard
• Last example = operatic aria composed
by Henry Purcell toward the end of the
seventeenth century. Purcell
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• Hildegard, the abbess of a convent,
composed her antiphon for performance by
nuns during worship
sole purpose was to worship God
• Opera is a fusion of music and drama
purpose is to delight and entertain its
audience
• Music evolved from compositions almost
exclusively for church use, to a broad array
of styles and genres
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• Music making became a profession
• Music as a form of paid entertainment
expanded the growth of the music business
throughout western Europe
• New technologies made it possible to create a
variety of musical instruments and to print
and publish musical compositions
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• Seven centuries between 1000 and 1700,
span most of three major eras in
Western Culture.
– Medieval
– Renaissance
– Early Baroque
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Musical Trends and Developments
1000 - 1700
• Church was the sole repository of
learning
• Texts were in Latin
• Music usually accompanied the
Mass or singing of the Divine Office
• Secular music (non-sacred music)
especially polyphonic texture, began
to appear toward the end of the
thirteenth century.
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• More simple secular styles emerged during
fourteenth century in France and Italy.
• Used vernacular (everyday language of a
particular region) rather than Latin
• Harmonice Musices Odhecaton - the first sheet
music printed with movable type, is a book of
chansons
• Chansons = French secular songs
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Secular Vocal Music
Flourished during the sixteenth century
Ranged from solo songs and simple
homophonic settings to Italian and
English madrigals
These madrigals often featured
contrapuntal textures and expressive
text settings of highly regarded poetry
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• The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth and
early seventeenth centuries brought music
making to ordinary churchgoers
• Martin Luther reintroduced congregational
singing into worship services
• He composed several well-known hymns, many
of which were inspired by the secular songs of
the day.
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Mac Users
click here
“Ein Feste Burg ist unser Gott”
(A Mighty Fortress is our God)
Polyphonic setting of Kyrie from
“L’homme arme’ mass”
Listen to the contrast of style between the hymn
tune of Luther and the polyphonic setting of Kyrie by
Josquin.
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Polyphony and Tonality
• Evolving system of pitch organization
• Chant = monophonic liturgical music
• Leonin and Perotin at Notre Dame
Cathedral in Paris added a simple
secondary part to a chant melody
• Organum = this type of early polyphonic
music
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• Composers added more parts and gave them
greater independence
• Basic melodic part was called the tenor from the
Latin word tenere, meaning “to hold.”
• By the fifteenth century, magnificent sacred
works were being composed with four or more
melodic parts woven together contrapuntally
• Songs with more than one part often had voices
moving in similar or identical rhythm
(homophonic texture)
• Heterophony = musical texture in which two or
more instruments play different versions of the
melody (common practice in many folk traditions)
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Melody and Harmony
• Late Renaissance – focus more on
Harmony
• Predictable progressions, particularly at
cadences
• By 1700, the major/minor system of
harmonic organization had become
common practice
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Instrumental Music
• Earliest date from the thirteenth
Century; first instances of music
composed for specific instrument
appear about a century later
• Composers and publishers favor vocal
music through the Renaissance (The
Golden Age of Acappella.)
• Modern orchestra first evolved in
seventeenth century to accompany
opera.
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• Instrumental music for large ensembles
popular in later half of seventeenth century
• Dance music and independent works for
listening
• Most important new genre was the concerto
• Concerto = a multi-movement work
composed for an orchestra of mainly strings
and keyboard.
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Music as a Profession
• Rise of Middle Class and demand for
secular music
• Earliest composers were clergy, and
composing was part of their work
• Minstrels were among the first entertainers
• The Tale of Sir Robin
• Troubadours – many from aristocratic birth
• Musicians formed guilds
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• Guild Musicians had professional
standards for members
• Churches and courts retained singers and
composers to provide music
• Professional musicians attached to church
or court were still servants
• Josquin des Prez, a very esteemed
musician in Europe, also performed tasks
such as delivering hunting dogs for his
master
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• Most music was copied by hand
• The church continued to be the
primary musical patron
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By the End of the Seventeenth Century
• Musical life had begun to resemble that of
our modern musical world
• Music printing
• Opera
• Top Singers were stars
• Composers enjoyed higher social status
• Reformation and rise of secular culture
• Economic growth
• Patronage System
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Top Composers of the time
• Claudio Monteverdi (1567 – 1643)
First great composer of Opera
When he moved from Cremona to Venice, he was accosted by highway robbers and left with
only pocket change. He credited it as the low point of his life.
• Jean Baptiste Lully (1632 – 1713)
Musical director for Louis XIV
*the foot-stabber
• Archangelo Corelli (1653 – 1713)
Esteemed violinist and composer (but he didn’t like to play the high
notes because he thought they were screeching).
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Technology
• Two major areas related to music
•
•
1. Instrument making
pipe organs
harpsichords
more modern orchestral instruments
(especially violins)
2. Music Printing
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Musical Communication
• Larger, more diverse audiences
• Composers became more responsive to
text
• Composers began to depict event and
emotions in purely instrumental music
• Opera was public entertainment
• Music of middle and lower classes, music
of aboriginal cultures, and music from
outside of Europe is lesser known because
it was not preserved in notation
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