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Earliest remains found in East Africa First metal used – Copper Hunter/Gatherers Small Population Learned to farm ◦ Permanent settlements – led to villages with government Domesticated animals Established cities ◦ Needed an agricultural surplus Writing systems ◦ Kept records ◦ Communication Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China Mild Climate Fertile Soil – Flooding Why settle near rivers? In the Fertile Crescent Region Priests held significant power Empires were absolute monarchies Code of Hammurabi??? Nile River ◦ Why was the Egyptian civilization called the “Gift of the Nile”? ◦ Developed a calendar to predict the floods ◦ Built irrigation systems Established trade routes with other kingdoms Geographic isolation led to ethnocentric feelings