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Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations 1 Ch 2.1 Objectives: Understand what characteristics make up a complex society. Understand where and why the first complex societies came about in Mesopotamia. 1. 2. a. Including elements of PERSIA that influenced later societies 2 Civilization Defined Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications “Higher Culture” 3 Urban Establishment of agricultural communities meant that some people would not grow/raise their own food Sets up need for trade/barter Job Specialization Social Hierarchy Organization Customs/Culture 4 Political/military system A sense of order and protection was needed Elected leaders A “big Man’ temporary dictator- in times of attack Led to hereditary King Run w/support of military leaders Often family members Other family became religious leaders 5 Social stratification Leaders- Kings, Nobles- royal family Clerics- Priests, Commoners Farmers Artisans/Craftsmen Dependent Clients- worked on others land (rent) Women Slaves 6 Economic specialization Not everyone is gathering food Trades & craftsman come about Job Skills 7 Religion Set to keep good times rolling Honor spirits, gods Organize cultural activities (ceremonies) Answers to questions w/o answer Why are we here? What’s next 8 Communications Language Writing Spread of ideas Establishment of records (history) 9 “Higher Culture” Art Music- comes w/ceremonies Only w/ ‘free time’ Literature Cultured Arts- plays? 10 Mesopotamia Early Mesopotamia, 3000-2000 B.C.E. “Between the Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates Modern-day Iraq Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” Sumerians the dominant people 11 The Wealth of the Rivers Nutrient-rich silt Key: irrigation Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks Necessity of coordinated efforts Promoted development of local governments City-states Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture 12 Sumerian City-States Cities appear 4000 BCE Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh (see Jonah) Ziggurat home of the god Divine mandate to Kings Regulation of Trade Defense from nomadic marauders 13 The Ziggurat of Ur 14 Political Decline of Sumer Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE) Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions Improved taxation, legislation Used local governors to maintain control of city-states Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c. 1595 BCE 15 Legal System The Code of Hammurabi Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators lex talionis – “law of retaliation” Social status and punishment Teachers should run the world women as property, but some rights 16 Later Mesopotamian Empires Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders Assyrians use new iron weaponry Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8th-7th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire Famously luxurious capital - Hanging Gardens 17 Mesopotamian Empires, 1800-600 BCE 18 Ch 2.2 Objectives: 1. 2. Understand the technological, social, and cultural developments that occurred in Mesopotamia. Understand the significance of the Hebrews, Phoenicians and Indo-Europeans from the time period. 19 Technological Development in Mesopotamia Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE Iron, c. 1000 BCE Military, agricultural applications Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks 20 Social Classes Ruling classes based often on military prowess Religious classes Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety Considerable landholdings, other economic activities Free commoners Originally elected, later hereditary Perceived as offspring of gods Peasant cultivators Some urban professionals Slaves Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors 21 Patriarchal Society Men as landowners, relationship to status Patriarchy: “rule of the father” Double standard of sexual morality Women drowned for adultery Relaxed sexual mores for men Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women Right to sell wives, children Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE 22 Development of Writing Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE Pictographs Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped” Preservation of documents on clay Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script 23 Uses for Writing Trade Astronomy Mathematics Agricultural applications Calculation of time 12-month year 24-hour day, 60-minute hour 24 Mesopotamian Literature Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE Heroic saga Search for meaning, esp. afterlife This-worldly emphasis 25 Ch 2.3 Objectives: 1. Understand the significance of the Hebrews, Phoenicians and Indo-Europeans from the time period. 26 The Early Hebrews Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE) 27 Moses and Monotheism Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god Denies existence of competing parallel deities Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law The Torah (“doctrine or teaching”) 28 Foreign conquests of Israel Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE Conquered the northern kingdom Deported many inhabitants to other regions Many exiles assimilated and lost their identity Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE Destroyed Jerusalem Forced many into exile Israelites maintained their religious identity and many returned to Judea 29 Israel and Phoenicia , 1500-600 BCE 30 The Phoenicians City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE Development of alphabet symbols Simpler alternative to cuneiform Spread of literacy 31 Indo-European Migrations Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people Probable original homeland: modern-day Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 32 Indo-European migrations 3000-1000 BCE 33 Implications of Indo-European Migration Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant 34