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Chapter 1-2 Notes 8th Grade Social Studies Mesopotamia A. Civilizations began in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys – Civilization- complex society with cities, government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system – Rivers and waterways are the key to the development of civilizations Mesopotamia Cont. Sumer- located in the center of Mesopotamia – Sumerians had their own city-states with individual governments and armies – Each city state had a ziggurat at its center • Ziggurat- religious temple QuickTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture. Mesopotamia Cont. – Each city-state had an upper, middle, and lower class Contributions of Sumerians – Mesopotamia known as the “cradle of civilization” – Cuneiform invented • Only scribes were taught to read and write cuneiform Mesopotamia Cont. – Epic of Gilgamesh- the oldest known story in the world – New technology was invented • Ex: wagon wheel, sailboat, and plow – Important mathematical ideas like geometry, a 12-month calendar, and a number system Sargon and Hammurabi Sargon- king of Akkadians – Conquered all of Mesopotamia and set up the world’s first empire • Empire- group of many lands under one ruler – C. 1700s B.C.-the Babylonians conquered Sargon’s empire Qui ckTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi cture. Sargon and Hammurabi Hammurabi- king of Babylon – He conquered the largest empire in history – Used the Code of Hammurabi to establish order throughout the empire • Comprised of 282 laws • Most famous of all laws was “an eye for an eye, a tooth for at tooth” QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see t his picture.