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The Ancient and Classical Periods Ancient Period, c. 4500 – 1500 BCE Alternate name is Bronze Age Bronze Age replaces stone, wood, bone tools An age of many inventions, innovations Begins from the rise of the first cities Begins with the rise of writing, formal institutions States were small, the focus was on the local Minimal interactions – trade, war, migrations Classical Period, c. 1500 BCE – 500 CE Begins with the use of iron: called the Iron Age Age saw the rise of the world’s core cultures Interactions, exchanges increased significantly Rise of cosmopolitan cultures across large regions Dominated by large, multi-national empires Society was increasingly hierarchical, patriarchal Elites were usually warrior aristocracies Civilization spread, diffused to a wider region Stage 1 Nomads overrun sedentary area Nomads intermarry with locals Stage 2 Nomadic group becomes sedentary Nomadic culture blends with sedentary culture New culture rises to greater heights Stage 3 Culture begins to age, weakens Government less effective, corruption, high taxes Stage 4 Culture overrun by new nomadic group The Continuity of Civilizations Despite new invasions, common Cuneiform civilization preserved Despite changes in Dynasties, Egyptian culture continued Sumerian City-states Ruled city and immediate surrounding countryside Small, independent but not totally autonomous Local differences but much similarity Run originally by priests, then warrior-kings Aristocratic nobles assisted kings Akkadian Empire Conquest state – state rose through conquest Tribute state Akkad demanded tribute Akkad permitted local autonomy if no revolts Cuneiform culture of Sumer but Semitic Ever larger conquest empires arose Egypt Three periods called Kingdoms First two periods, Old and Middle are ancient New Kingdom is an empire ruling into SW Asia Pharaoh became increasingly “human” Priests had enormous power in government Babylonian and Assyrian Empires Conquest, tribute empires Old Babylonian Empire: Hammurabi’s Code Assyrian Empire used terror, regular army Hittites Indo-European Chariot people Settled in Anatolia around 1800 BCE Adopted Sumerian cuneiform culture Borrowed Mesopotamian gods Codified their laws and history The Hittite Empire Arose around 1400 BCE Conquered Anatolia, Upper Mesopotamia, Syria Disintegrated around 1180 BCE Numerous Neo-Hittite States Some Key Differences Introduced horses, chariots into region Introduced ability to work, use iron tools, weapons Their arrival begins Iron or Classical Age Queens and women had many rights in Hittite society Signed first historical peace treaty with Egypt after stalemated war Ruling Classes Aristocracy Royalty Nobility Priestly and Military Groups came out of aristocracy Some talented commoners Other Classes “Free” classes Merchants Artisans Intellectuals Peasants Slaves Patriarchal Males dominate society Greatest influence of male is in public arena Patrilocal After marriage, wife lives with husband’s family Wife “abandons” old family for husband’s family Polygamous Men could have more than one wife Polygamy was an elite condition Poor usually had one wife Male Roles Governmental and military Most religious roles Intellectual roles Farmers and craftsmen Female Roles: Public vs. Private Women had no public role but predominates in raising family Women tended however to dominate in cloth, textile making Religious Polytheism Previous animism replaced by written teachings about religion Development of priests, formal structures, architecture Anthropomorphism of nature Priests hold great power, own land, temples Divine Right vs. Theocracy Intellectual Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics Early writing was extremely complex Scribes or an elite class They alone can write Important to rulers, priests, merchants Literatures: Gilgamesh, Book of the Dead Arts and Architecture Public Architecture, public art Both symbolized power, influence of rulers Also symbolized influence of a god or a state Art Conventions very rigid Man is a tool maker and user The ability to make and use tools Man innovates to meet needs, deficiencies Sumer is major source of first inventions 60 of the world’s first inventions From writing to wheels to numbers to sails Metallurgy Sumer arose during Ancient or Bronze Age Classical Age begins with the Iron Age Mathematics and Sciences Man alters his environment More pronounced in Mesopotamia Environment is unpredictable, harsher Irrigation, dikes, dams, sluices Agriculture alters environment All societies were overwhelmingly agrarian Heavy agriculture increases human population Some crops really deplete soil Cities are artificial and alter environment Extreme concentration of humans in small space Wastes, diseases concentrated Movement Human migration: pastoralists, mass migration Semites: Arabs, Jews, Hyksos, Phoenicians Hamites: Kush, Axumites Nilo-Saharans Indo-Europeans: Hittites, Cimmerians Indo-Iranians: Hurrians, Medes/Persians Culture, social blending Disruptions War Interaction increases as resources scarce As technology improves, so does war Diplomacy arises as conflicts increase Exchanges such as Trade, Diseases Goods and skills exchanged Ideas, diseases exchanged Diplomacy 1st Treaty in history between Egypt, Hittites Hebrews Origins Semitic pastoralists on fringes of Fertile Crescent Abraham is the patriarch or founding father Ethical Monotheism A Person’s actions dictate a person’s eternal reward God made a contract (covenant) with the Jews If the Jews would follow the code of conduct, they were saved There is only one God – have no false gods before Me Phoenicians Semitic coastal dwellers along Lebanese mountains Land could not support people through agriculture Phoenicians become merchants, artisans: Cloth, Dye, Metallurgy Created an Alphabet: Aleph and Beth to improve communication Established trading colonies across Mediterranean Kush-Meroe Origins Afro-Asiatic peoples on Upper Nile Conquered by Egypt Late migration of Nilo-Saharans into area Later migration overwhelmed people A Kingdom After Old Kingdom, became independent Had an Egyptian culture with local variations Developed an iron based, gold rich trading, military state Conquered Egypt but driven out by Assyrians Continued to exist, trade with Persians, Greeks, Romans Eventually converted to Christianity c. 300 CE Axum The Mystery of their Origins Some think the culture migrated across the Red Sea from Yemen Yemeni civilizations were Semitic trading states active in East Africa Some think the culture arose independently from indigenous peoples c. 300 CE Arose as a trading state independent of Southern Arabia Dominated trade in area and eventually became Christian Church at Lalibela, Axum Obelisk, Axum Pyramids of Kush-Meroe Egyptian tomb Painting showing Groups living in Region. Pharaoh Piye of Kush After he conquered Egypt, 26th Dynasty
