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Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Geography Prehistory Anthropology Culture Archaeology Artifact Historian Nomad Animism Domesticate Civilization Polytheistic Pictogram City-state Cultural diffusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Silt Delta Dynasty Pharaoh Mummification Hieroglyphics Demotic papyrus Ziggurat Cuneiform Criminal law Civil law Barter economy Money economy Monotheistic • Covenant • Prophet • Diaspora Civilization Begins Prehistory – 3000 B.C. 32 questions Understanding Our Past • * Archaeologists learn about the human past by studying artifacts, or objects made by people, such as tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry. (Pre-History, before writing) • * Historians reconstruct the past by studying written evidence such as letters or tax records and visual evidence such as photographs or films. • Must evaluate information for reliability Geography, the study of people and their environments • * Geographers study five major themes – Location, where a place is on the surface of the Earth – Place, physical and human characteristics of a location – Interaction, how people have shaped and been shaped by the places where they lived – Movement, movement of people, goods, and ideas – Region, places with similar unifying physical, economic, or cultural features The Dawn of History • *Old Stone Age or Paleolithic age, until about 10,000 BC – The people were know as hunter gatherers or nomads – People made tools, digging sticks, spears and axes from natural materials – Learned to build fires and wear clothing – Developed spoken languages – Religions began Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago *New Stone Age or Neolithic Age….11,000 years ago • *Humans learned to farm, a development that transformed the way people lived – Planting seeds and domesticating animals • * By about 5,000 years ago, the advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations. – Social hierarchy – Accumulation of personal property – New technologies Beginnings of Civilizations • *Cities, first rose in river valleys – – – – – Water Farming Renewable soil Animals Transportation *Eight basic features common to most early civilizations: • Cities – In fertile areas producing a food surplus • Well-organized central governments – Needed to maintain order and the surplus – Divine Right – Bureaucracy developed • Complex religions – Polytheistic, believing in many gods – Controlling the natural forces and human activities – People created ceremonies, temples and priests to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people Marduk God of Thunder • Job specialization – Artisans, priests, farmers, weapons maker and soldiers Features • Social classes – The importance of the persons job ranked them socially • Arts and architecture – Temples to the gods – Places for the rulers • Public works to benefit the city – Defensive walls, irrigation systems, roads and bridges • Writing – Pictograms – Leaders needed to keep records Summary Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences First Civilizations (3200 B.C. – 500 B.C.) • Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile – Egypt and Nubia • * Egyptian civilization is divided into three main periods: – Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 BC) • Egyptian pharaohs organized a strong centralized state • Built majestic pyramids • Pharaoh was a God – Middle Kingdom (2200 to 1800BC – New Kingdom (1800 to 100BC Egyptian Civilization • Egyptians worshiped many gods and goddesses. – * Amon-Re sun god, Osiris and Isis – They also believed in life after death • * Developed special skills for preserving the bodies of the dead. – Mummification, for the trip into the after life Valley of the Kings Tutankamun Hieroglyphics Picture writing •* Rosette Stone Demotic and Greek • Kept records and histories of their culture on Stone, Clay and Papyrus Egyptian Scientific Advances • Mathematics developed geometry to survey fields • Medicine diagnosing illnesses, complex surgery and medicines • Astronomy developed a calendar which we use today • Engineering to build the pyramids and irrigation systems. – Romans later used Egyptian engineering in their buildings Summary Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences City States of ancient Sumer • Sumer, the oldest civilization of the Middle East – Developed in *Mesopotamia means “between the rivers” – On fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. – *Epic of Gilgamesh, oldest works of literature XI City States • * Few natural resources, built great cities of clay – Built *ziggurats pyramid temples – Sumerians made the first wheeled vehicles • Each of which had its distinct social hierarchy – The ruling family, leading officials, and priests at the top – Small middle class of artists and merchants – Peasant farmers and slaves at the bottom Sumerian Culture • Women had rights as in Egypt but not as many • * The Sumerians invented the earliest form of writing, known as cuneiform – A form of picture writing • Made great advances in mathematics and astronomy. – 360 degrees and base 6 numbers Sumerian Religion • * Polytheistic The Bull-man is a demon. He is a man above the waist and a bull below the waist. He also has the horns and the ears of a bull. He helps people fight evil and chaos. He holds the gates of dawn open for the sun god Shamash and supports the sun disc. – Gods controlled every aspect of life – More pessimistic than Egyptians Ishtar is the morning and evening star (the planet we call Venus), and the goddess of love and war. She is shown as a woman standing on a lion, generally holding several weapons. Invaders, Traders and Empire Builders • *Mesopotamia’s location at a geographical crossroads opened it to a succession of invaders The Babylonians •Hammurabi, king of Babylonia •* Published the Code of Hammurabi on a stone pillar •The world’s first major collection of laws •Both civil and criminal •Improved irrigation and trained his army The Persian Empire • * Darius organized the empire Darius I - Darius the Great (521-486 BC) – Provinces headed by a satrap – Based taxes on what each could afford – Built roads – Kept moving his royal capital – Uniform weight and measures – Introduced coinage – Tolerant of the customs and cultures under their control Effects of Warfare and Trade • * Spread ideas and technology around the Mediterranean (cultural diffusion) – Hammurabi’s Code of laws – Iron-working from the Hittites – Phoenician alphabet • Used 22 symbols for consonant sounds • Greeks added symbols for vowels (p. 109) Summary Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences The World of the Hebrews • By 1000 B.C., the Hebrews had set up the kingdom of Israel in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia. • Moses led from Egypt to Canaan (Palestine) the promised land • King David united the feuding tribes • King Solomon built Jerusalem and an impressive temple to God • Israel divided, Israel in the north and Judah in the south • Nebuchadnezzer destroyed the temple and exiled the Hebrews • Israel lived under a series of rulers *Covenant with God They would obey commandments and worship Him alone.....God would protect and Cannan would be theirs forever • * Monotheistic – One true god all knowing, all powerful and everywhere • * The Chosen People – Covenant with Abraham – Renewed with Moses • God’s laws are set down in the Ten Commandments and the Torah • *Believed in Prophets or spiritual leaders who interpret God’s will – Preached a strong code ethics – Saw their leaders as men not gods who must obey god’s law Summary Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences The End Next up Ancient India and China