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STARS • Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy • A. Color- determined by surface temperature. • 1. Blue- young and hot >30,000 degrees • Ex. Rigel • 2. White - usually old and hot 10000>7500 Ex. Sirius • 3. Yellow – Average temperature and middle age 6000>5000 • Ex. The sun •4 – Red- coolest and growing old •Ex. Betelgeuse 4000>1000 • B. DISTANCE FROM EARTH • 1. MEASURED IN LY – DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR • 6,000,000,000,000 MILES 2. MEASURED BY USING PARALLAX- • MEASURES THE DISTANCE BY USING THE APPARENT SHIFT IN MOTION over time C. Star’s Brightness • 1. Luminosity or absolute magnitude. – A. Actual brightness of the star – B. found by using the distance and apparent magnitude. • 2. Apparent Brightness – A. The brightness we see from earth – B. Depends on size, distance and surface temperature. Constellationgroup of stars that form a pattern D. Classification • 1. H. R. diagram (Hertzsprung – Russell) • 2. Classifies by surface temperature and absolute magnitude. • 3. Main sequence stars- stars of similar composition and size – A. “average” stars • 4. Outside of main sequence – A. Red super giants and red giants – B. Blue Giants. – C. White Dwarfs Betelgeuse Rigel Betelgeuse Sun Sirius Jansky 1905-1950 • Discovered radio waves in space Reber- 1911• Built the first radio telescope Collects radio waves from space Can be used at anytime or weather VLA in New Mexico ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL TELESCOPES 1. REFRACTING TELESCOPE **uses lenses to bend light to a focus point person 2. Reflecting Telescope – Uses mirrors – Concave mirror reflects light to a flat mirror – Ex. Hubble Space Telescope • Hale telescope Spectroscope • Attaches to an optical telescope – Analyzes light from the stars Bright line spectrum • Separates visible light by its different wavelengths • Each element is then identified by its own spectrum • Shows direction, movement and composition Spectrum___ Ultraviolet shortest Infrared ^ Electromagnetic Spectrum All radiant energy that travels the speed of light in waves longest Longest to shortest wavelength DOPPLER EFFECT **THE APPARENT SHIFT IN WAVELENGTH DUE TO A MOVING OBJECT Red shift- moving away Blue shift- moving toward E. Life Cycle Of Stars • STEP 1. Begins as a nebula- a cloud of dust and gas. • STEP 2. Protostar- gravity forms a ballshaped pocket and temperature increases. STEP 3. Nuclear fusion • 4 hydrogen fuse to make helium plus energy • Occurs in the core • Must be 10 mil – degrees C STEP 4. Main Sequence Star • Must have enough mass to have nuclear fusion for its energy STEP 5. RED GIANTS a) Size of giants depends on the initial mass b) Could be a super red giant like Betelgeuse STEP 6. Supernova or white dwarf • a) white dwarf- small, hot, older star – 1. Ex. Sirius or the Sun • b) supernova- gigantic explosion of a large mass star like Betelgeuse • Chinese recorded one in 1054 AD Supernova Feb.24, 1987 170,000LY c) NEUTRON STAR 1. Extremely dense; like the mass of our sun into a 8 mi diameter • d) Black hole• 1. An object so dense that not even light can escape its surface QuasarsVery powerful source of energy most distant objects in space • Pulsars– a neutron star that spins rapidly and sends out radio waves GALAXIES 3 TYPES • SPIRAL- 2-4 arms – EX. ANDROMEDA • IRREGULAR – – EX. MAGELLANIC CLOUDS • ELLIPTICAL